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GGR GEOGRAPHYOn this page: Introduction | Faculty Members | Programs | Courses See also: Course Summer Timetable | Course Winter Timetable | Secondary School Information | More on Department IntroductionGeography is the study of the environments created on the earth's surface by nature and people. The physical and biological elements of these environments, as well as their economic and social structure, historical development, spatial organization, interrelationships, management and planning form the subject matter of Geography. Geography, therefore, relates closely to other fields in natural science, social science and the humanities, and geographers take courses in these related fields along with their geography courses. Students specializing in other subjects often select one or more geography courses to deepen their understanding of the resource base, culture and economy of those parts of the world in which they are interested. Employment opportunities for geographers exist in many branches of international organizations, government, industry, and education. Geographers work at all levels of government service, especially in agencies responsible for environmental management; land and resource analysis; development of historic districts and sites; urban transportation planning; regional economic planning; trade promotion; geographic systems design and data analysis; transport network design and the processing of archival, survey, and cartographic information. In business, geographers work in marketing, locational analysis, resource development, and in consulting firms engaged in project evaluation and land use planning. Students studying Geography may take either a B.A. or B.Sc., depending upon the aspects they wish to emphasize. The Department offers several Specialist, Major and Minor Programs in Geography, cooperates in offering a combined program with Economics, shares with Botany and Zoology a program in Biogeography, and contributes courses to various college programs including Environmental Studies and Urban Studies, Canadian Studies, Anthropology, Environmental Geosciences, Archaeology, Caribbean Studies, European Studies and Division of the Environment. The Professional Experience Year program ("PEY": see also also Study Elsewhere Program Options ) is available to full-time Geography Majors or Specialists at the end of their second or third year of a four-year program, or their second year of a three-year program. A minimum CGPA of 2.0 and a minimum 70% average in Geography courses is required. The program provides students with the opportunity to gain 12-16 months of employment experience. Course outlines are available throughout the year in the departmental office, Sidney Smith Hall, Room 5047. Counselling and advice may be obtained from the Undergraduate Coordinator, the Student Counsellor and from the Geography Undergraduates' Society (T.U.G.S.), Sidney Smith Hall, Room 613. Undergraduate Coordinator: Professor A.M. Davis, Sidney Smith Hall, Room 5044 (978-5992) Student Counsellor: Ms. J. Kallis, Sidney Smith Hall, Room 5050 (978-6455) General Enquiries: 978-3375
GEOGRAPHY PROGRAMSEnrolment in Minor, Major and Specialist programs sponsored by the Department of Geography requires the completion of four courses, including one of GGR 100Y, 107Y, 124Y or JGF 150Y. No minimum GPA required. Double majors in Geography must complete at least 13 different GGR/JFG/JGF/JGI credits. BIOGEOGRAPHY — See BOTANY ENVIRONMENT AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (B.A.)Consult Department of Geography.Specialist program (Hon.B.A.): S09351
(10 full courses or their equivalent, including at least one 400-series course)
Major program Major program: M09351 (7 full courses or their equivalent)
GEOGRAPHY (B.A.)Specialist program (Hon.B.A.): S16661
(10 full courses or their equivalent, including at least one 400-series course)
Major program Major program: M16661 (7 full courses or their equivalent) NOTE: The general Geography major program is excluded from the arrangement whereby students in a four-year degree may take two major programs sponsored by the Department of Geography.
Minor program Minor program: R16661 (4 full courses or their equivalent)
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS — See DIVISION of the ENVIRONMENT GEOGRAPHY AND ECONOMICS — See ECONOMICS HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY (B.A.)Consult Department of Geography.Specialist program (Hon.B.A.): S25521
(10 full courses or their equivalent, including at least one 400-series course)
Major program Major program: M25521 (7 full courses or their equivalent)
PHYSICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL GEOGRAPHY (B.Sc.)Consult Department of Geography.Specialist program (Hon.B.Sc.): S20301
(12.5 full courses or their equivalent, including at least one 400-series course)
Major program Major program: M20301 (7.5 full courses or their equivalent)
URBAN AND ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY (B.A.)Consult Department of Geography.Specialist program (Hon.B.A.): S24211
(10 full courses or their equivalent, including at least one 400-series course)
Major program Major program: M24211 (7 full courses or their equivalent)
Group A: GGR 100Y, 101Y, 107Y, 110Y, 124Y; JGF 150Y Group B: GGR 270Y, 272H, 273H, 327H, 371H, 373H, 390H, 391H, 392H, 393H, 462H, 464H, 473H, 480H, 490H; JFG 470H, 475H Group C: ENV 236Y; GGR 201H, 203H, 205H, 206H, 302H, 305H, 307H, 310H, 314H, 401H, 402H, 409H, 413H, 490H; JGG 404H Note: A different Statistics course (e.g. STA 220H+221H) can be substituted for GGR 270Y, but another GGR course must be taken as a replacement. Similarly, CSC 104H/108H may be substituted for Group B courses, but replacement GGR must be taken. GEOGRAPHY COURSES(see Section 4 for Key to Course Descriptions)For Distribution Requirement purposes, GGR courses are classified in various categories; see entry at end of each course.
SSC199Y Undergraduate seminar that focuses on specific ideas, questions, phenomena or controversies, taught by a regular Faculty member deeply engaged in the discipline. Open only to newly admitted first year students. It may serve as a breadth requirement course; see First Year Seminars: 199Y.
GGR100Y A basic physical geography moulded around a simple systems approach. The atmospheric, biospheric and lithospheric systems and their interactions.
This is a Science course
GGR107Y Relations between population growth, agricultural development, urbanization and the natural environment. From the origins of agriculture to the present. From a few million to six billion people. The cost to the environment. The prospect of sustainability.
This is a Social Science course
GGR124Y Introduction to the urban process. Global urbanization and the origin of cities; urban systems; uneven growth and the functional specialization of cities; economic restructuring, migration, public policies. Dynamics of urban property markets, population and demography, job location, housing, mobility and neighbourhood change, social structure and inequalities. Planning, politics and policy issues in Canadian cities. This is a Social Science course
JGF150Y An introduction to planet Earth including its enveloping atmosphere and oceans and a synopsis of its 4-billion-year history, as revealed in the rock record. A knowledge of rocks, landforms, soils and geological history of southern Ontario are gained through laboratory exercises and field trips.
This is a Science course
GGR201H An introduction to the principles of geomorphology; earth materials; major features of crustal morphology; landforming processes of water, wind, waves and ice; human impact on earth surface processes. One hour laboratory session approximately every other week; a local field trip.
This is a Science course
GGR203H Introduction to the large scale processes responsible for determining global and regional climate and atmospheric circulation patterns, as well as the small scale processes responsible for determining the microclimates of specific environments.
This is a Science course
GGR205H Introduction to soil science emphasizing the physical, chemical and mineralogical properties of soils and their application to environmental, agricultural and geomorphological studies.
Recommended Preparation: CHM137Y, GGR100Y/JGF150Y This is a Science course
GGR206H An introduction to the hydrologic cycle with emphasis on the terrestrial branch; precipitation, evaporation, runoff, flood prediction; ground water and snowmelt hydrology.
This is a Science course
GGR220Y This basic course in economic geography introduces the main concepts and models that apply to problems of rural land use, trade and spatial economic interaction, industrial location, and regional development. This is a Social Science course
GGR233Y This course addresses the twin imperatives of appropriate institutions for sustainable development and the need for scientific understanding as a basis for environmental action. Focus on Canadian environmental and natural resource issues.
This is a Social Science course
GGR239H Introduction to geopolitical theories. Emphasis on the development of the nation state, theories of land claims and the territorial manifestations of nationalism with contemporary examples from Europe, Central Asia and the Middle East. In-depth analysis of how spatial distribution of and competition for scarce resources (such as oil and water) affect the foreign policy of countries.
This is a Social Science course
GGR240Y An introduction to issues in the historical geography of the Americas emphasizing comparisons between North and South. The course begins with the pre-Columbian Americas and the impact of European imperial expansion. It explores the emergence of cultural realms and the development of regional economies and societies into the 20th century. This is a Humanities course
GGR246H A topical and regional introduction to the geography of Canada. Primary emphasis is on the resource base, regional differences and disparities, urbanization, industrialization, social and economic policy and population change. This is a Social Science course
GGR249H Conflict between the conservatism of long-established patterns of settlement and land use and the drive for economic development. Agricultural reform; colonization of the interior, emergence of industrial regions; growth of large cities. Case studies of the problems of regional development. Latin America in world trade. Trade relations with Canada. (Offered in alternate years) This is a Social Science course
GGR252H The problem of retail location. The spatial structure of consumer demand and retail facilities. Shopping centres and retail chains. Techniques for site selection and trade area evaluation, location strategies, retail planning.
This is a Social Science course
GGR254H Contemporary issues in American society: economy, politics, race, class in an historical context. Regional distinctions and disparities: Frostbelt, Snowbelt, Megalopolis, California. Inner-city problems. U.S. as world power. This is a Social Science course
GGR256H Introduction to spatial organization and environmental impact of recreation. Prediction of demand, problems of over-use, ecological risks, conflicts of interests, planning perspectives, Canada's tourist trade.
This is a Social Science course
GGR270Y Theory and practical application of elementary quantitative techniques in geography emphasizing descriptive, inferential and spatial statistical analysis, probability, sampling, and spatial analysis.
This is a Social Science course
GGR272H Introduction to database and GIS software. Acquisition and processing of locational, environmental, and socio-economic data. Spatial resolution and map scale. Raster and vector data structures. Map projections and geocoding.
This is a Social Science course
GGR273H Introduction to contouring and thematic mapping software. Interpolation and surface generation. Cartographic generalization. Use of symbols, patterns and colour.
This is a Social Science course
GGR299Y Credit course for supervised participation in faculty research project. See Research Opportunity Program for details. NOTE Many GGR 300- and 400- series courses are balloted. Students wishing to enrol in balloted courses must follow the procedures as outlined in the March ACCESS Timetable and the Geography Handbook (available from the Department beginning April). Balloting will apply only through the first ACCESS Registration Period. No ballots will be processed after the ballot deadline in May 1998. Registration after ACCESS will be according to regular enrolment procedures.
GGR302H Emphasis on the role of glacial landforms and sediments on continents, and marine sediments in oceans, for reconstructing ice age climates. Exercises involve interpretation of landforms from maps and aerial photos and laboratory analyses of materials collected on local field trips. (Offered in alternate years)
This is a Science course
GGR305H Introduction to the spatial and temporal patterns of plant and animal distribution. The first half focuses on contemporary environmental and biological controls. The second half examines past patterns and their causes.
This is a Science course
GGR307H An introduction to fundamental principles of soil and water chemistry with a limited number of environmental applications covered in labs/tutorials. Chemical equilibria in soil and water; redox equilibria in soil and water; surface chemistry; sorption and ion exchange; complexation; solute transport.
This is a Science course
GGR310H The changing relationship between people and the biosphere from the emergence of hominids to the present. Environmental constraints on human evolution, hunter-gatherer societies and their environmental impacts, evolution of agriculture and consequences of increasing population and technology, including deliberate and inadvertent introductions of plants and animals and forest fragmentation. Effectiveness of contemporary approaches to conservation. (Offered in alternate years)
This is a Science course
GGR312H The large scale processes determining regional and global climate, including biogeochemical cycles, radiation, maintenance of general circulation, and sea ice and snow processes. (Offered in alternate years)
This is a Science course
GGR314H A comprehensive examination of the greenhouse warming problem, beginning with economic, carbon cycle, and climate model projections; impacts on and adaptive responses of agriculture, forests, fisheries, and water resources; abatement options; technical and institutional issues. This is a Social Science course
GGR323H Explores issues in geographies of population at a variety of scales from global to local. Issues include demographic patterns and population change, fertility, families and cohorts, mortality, and migration and immigration policies. Will draw mainly on the Canadian and U.S. experience, but examples will also be drawn from other regions of the world.
This is a Social Science course
GGR324H An introductory overview of major issues in interurban and intraurban transportation at both local and national scales. Topics include causes of spatial interaction, graph theory and network analysis, gravity and entropy-maximizing models, urban transportation and land use, congestion, public transit and transport policy.
This is a Social Science course
GGR326H Examination of industrial location models, industrial behaviour, and the innovation process. Canadian trade and technological policy and the locational and policy implications of foreign-owned industry are discussed.
This is a Social Science course
GGR327H Practical course on field methods designed to enable students to carry out their own research projects. Behavioural observation, interviewing, questionnaire design, attitude scaling, sampling theory, content analysis of written and graphic material, data coding and computer applications in surveys.
This is a Social Science course
JFG328H The extent, distribution of Canada's forest ecosystems. Public opinion, social and economic objectives in sustainable forest development. The role of Canada's forests in the global environment, including environmental, social and economic indicators of sustainable forestry.
This is a Social Science course
GGR331H Environmental effects of resource industries and commodity trade, with special attention to the forest industry. Topics include: staple theory, the business cycle and the resource cycle; market solutions to environmental problems; resource scarcity; recycling and technological substitutions; global resource trade, footloose industry and pollution havens.
This is a Social Science course
GGR332H This course examines 1) factors affecting the spatial distribution of wastes; and 2) models and policy implications inherent in all aspects of waste management, from waste generation through recycling and waste disposal. Topics such as waste composition and transportation are covered from an international perspective, while others focus on the North American context only.
This is a Social Science course
GGR333H Regional supply/demand patterns; conventional and alternative energy sources; production and delivery systems; end uses and efficiencies; energy forecasting; national and regional energy policies; policy options ("soft" vs. "hard" paths); energy analysis.
This is a Social Science course
GGR334H Canadian water policies; estimation of supply and demand; inter-basin water transfers; alternative strategies for industrial and community water supply and waste water disposal; Great Lakes. (Offered in alternate years)
This is a Social Science course
GGR336H Processes of urbanization; development of urban systems; changing internal patterns: central area, residential districts, housing, transportation, effects of reform, evolution of planning. Emphasis on the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century.
This is a Humanities course
GGR337H Electro-magnetic radiation exchange and measurement of optical, thermal infrared, radar from aircraft or satellites. Digital image analysis. Applications in land use surveys, forestry, geomorphology and hydrology. Usually offered at Erindale College.
This is a Science course
GGR339H The interdependence of political processes and institutions, public policy and urban geography. The political economy of federalism, urban growth, planning and public services as they shape the urban landscape. Canadian and U.S. comparisons.
This is a Social Science course
GGR340H Deals with the emergence of present day conflicting regionalisms in Canada through a study of the evolution of the provinces and of their urban systems from the 1850's to the 1990's. The geographic impact of successive central government policies: British mercantilism, Confederation's National Party, Equalization Policies of the welfare state, the National Energy Policy and NAFTA and the NEP. This is a Social Science course
GGR342H Changes in the social, political and economic geography of Southeast Asian countries. Examples drawn from Thailand, Singapore, Indonesia, Vietnam and the Philippines as these emerging newly industrialized countries enter the 21st century. Emphasis on political-economy, urbanization and environment since 1950.
This is a Social Science course
GGR343H The evolving physical, social, political and economic landscape of China. Emphasis on development strategies, industry, agriculture, urbanization and the environment since 1949.
This is a Social Science course
GGR344H Overview of the physical environment and historical geography; changes in population distribution during the Soviet period; current demographic and ethnic problems; the rural economy; urbanization, industrial location, and regional development issues.
This is a Social Science course
JGI346H Urban planning mechanisms, the legislation and its goals. Planning issues from negotiation to legislation to appeal. Urban and regional problems facing planners in Ontario compared with those emerging in other provinces; Ontario's legislative solutions contrasted with those developed elsewhere. (Given by the Department of Geography and Innis College)
This is a Social Science course
GGR347H Changes in social and economic geography with Japan's emergence as a modern state. Emphasis on developments in industry, agriculture, urbanization and the environment since 1945.
This is a Social Science course
GGR348H Physical and human geography of the Middle East and North Africa. Resources, economic and political geographies of the region. Additional topics: regional distinctions and disparities, regional development, trade patterns, geography of petroleum resources, territorial and resource conflicts.
This is a Social Science course
GGR357H An introduction to housing in context: as a commodity, a political process and social necessity. The analysis of housing markets in an urban and spatial context, emphasizing the allocation mechanism, residential location and tenure choice, the role of the state, social housing and the relationships of housing changes to mobility, neighbourhood transition, and social equity. Case studies of specific policy issues and alternative housing strategies.
This is a Social Science course
GGR361H Three related themes are discussed: the underlying social, cultural and economic forces that have given cities their form and image; various aesthetic and political philosophies that have been put into practice in constructing the urban landscape; and recent European and North American attempts to control the landscape of the contemporary metropolis by the application of urban policy and planning.
This is a Social Science course
GGR364H The creation and survival of ethnic communities in Canada with particular emphasis on rural settlements. Aspects of ethnic territoriality, the stability of ethnic communities, and the adaptation of immigrants to the Canadian environment. Models of ethnic assimilation within the different regions of Canada.
This is a Humanities course
GGR366H Toronto's development compared to other large North American cities. Culture, social life, economy, politics, and planning process.
This is a Humanities course
GGR371H Applied multivariate analysis: multiple regression, log-linear models, spatial statistics, and selected additional topics including: time series, factor and cluster analysis.
This is a Science course
GGR373H An introduction to the processing of spatially referenced information by means of computer workstation hardware and geographic information system software.
This is a Science course
GGR390H Introduction to field methods in vegetation mapping/analysis, soils, hydrology and geomorphology. The course includes exercises and a project during a one-week field camp early in September, a little preparation during the preceding summer, and complementary practical work and/or seminars during the Fall Term. Each student is required to pay the costs of their transportation and accommodation. Students must register with the Department in April 1998.
This is a Science course
GGR391H A seminar course in which each student prepares a research proposal which considers relevant theory, published research, existing sources of data, and methods of enquiry and analysis. A proposal prepared in this course may be used to plan research for GGR 491Y.
This is a Social Science course
GGR392H The design and execution of a small research project using the methods of historical geography. Components include: project design, literature review, data-gathering from primary sources such as Canadian census manuscripts, data analysis and the presentation of a short research paper.
This is a Social Science course
GGR393H Predicting the impact of development on communities, wildlife and the natural environment. The laws, institutions, processes and methods of environmental assessment. Approaches to ecosystem management, monitoring and mitigation are introduced through sample Environmental Impact Statements.
This is a Social Science course
GGR400H Content in any given year depends on instructor. Consult Departmental Office in April.
GGR401H Elements of drainage basin morphology and hydrology, classification of rivers, stream patterns, and hydraulic geometry. Elements of open channel flow and sediment transport. River channel adjustments to hydrologic change and human impacts on river development. Paleohydrology and paleohydraulics. Exercises include experimentation in a laboratory flume.
This is a Science course
GGR402H Introduction to climate and carbon cycle modelling at the global scale with emphasis on 0 and 1 dimensional models and box models. Applications to understanding the present climate, explaining past climates, and predicting man-induced climatic changes. (Offered in alternate years)
This is a Science course
JGG404H Ecosystem analysis at the watershed level is used to evaluate and predict the impact of natural and human disturbances on the structure and function of terrestrial ecosystems. (Offered by the Departments of Geology and Geography)
This is a Science course
GGR409H The environmental behaviour and ecotoxicology of inorganic and organic chemical contaminants is discussed in order to understand the scientific basis of pollution concerns. Theory illustrated with qualitative and quantitative examples and case studies. Apply simple mathematical models. Application of scientific theory and observations to policy development and the interface between science and policy is discussed throughout.
This is a Science course
GGR413H Modern developments in geomorphology, including form and process models, interactions of hydrology, ecology and geomorphology; the course emphasizes use of computer simulation models of drainage basin processes.
This is a Science course
GGR415H The legal and institutional aspects of resource and environmental planning in Canada. Overview of the evolution of resource and environmental management and the examination of selected planning techniques; community involvement in planning; the ecosystem approach to planning; emphasis on environmental planning in the urban context.
This is a Social Science course
GGR418H Resource industries and their ecological impacts, with special attention to agriculture, forestry and fisheries. Topics include: resource depletion, substitution and technological change; staple theory and resource-based development; commodity markets, international trade, and pollution havens.
This is a Social Science course
GGR421H Review of persistent questions before and after Darwin. The emergence of an academic discipline.
This is a Humanities course
GGR431H Theory and analysis of regional economic change with emphasis on North America and Western Europe. Export-base, neoclassical, cumulative causation, and political-economic explanations of regional growth and decline, changing terms of competition, and consequences for regional development. Geography of investment decisions, technological change, labour-markets and labour relations. Objectives and approaches for local and regional development policy.
This is a Social Science course
GGR435H Toronto as a case study of methods to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, their costs and benefits, and of the practical problems involved. Seminar format with public presentations by students. (Offered in alternate years) Co- or prerequisite: GGR314H This is a Social Science course
GGR436H Travel patterns, economic, political, social and environmental impacts of tourism, tourism demand, supply capability assessment and environmental quality.
This is a Social Science course
GGR446H Origins and development. Contributions of major practitioners in Canada, USA, UK and France. Landscape appreciation, political and applied uses of historical geography, other current trends.
This is a Humanities course
GGR450H The geography of health and disease. Environmental and behavioural factors in the causes and distributions of diseases. Mapping and modelling disease diffusion. Spatial distribution of health care resources and their utilization.
This is a Social Science course
GGR452H The changing nature of space and our thinking about it, centering on works of contemporary geographers and spatial theorists such as Lefebvre, Soja, Gregory, Harvey, Massey and challenges to its thinking. Explores changing concepts of spatiality that inform geographic thought and help us understand the ways political, economic and social power is constituted and contested.
This is a Social Science course
GGR455H Research seminar exploring the reciprocal relations between gender relations and spatial structures. Feminist geography literature from North America and Britain is employed to illustrate the ways in which `gender' plays an important role in the layout of cities and in the activities of the people that reside in those cities.
This is a Social Science course
GGR459H Alternative perspectives on urban form and growth: diverse logics and tensions underlying metropolitan development; production and consumption spheres; changes in the demographic and social fabric of cities; economic restructuring and shifts in labour markets; land development and suburbanization; inner city revitalization and decline; public goods and services; policy issues and equity questions; quality of life and future urban forms.
This is a Social Science course
GGR462H The nature, design and organizational context of information systems used for spatially referenced socio-economic, environmental, and planning data bases. Input, analysis, and output of vector-based geographic information. Examples of geographic information systems.
This is a Science course
GGR464H Examines the use of GIS and remote sensing technologies in resource management, environmental planning and municipal land use planning. Strategies for the application of specialized software and hardware. Formulation of project objectives. Review of applied case studies and location theory
This is a Social Science course
JFG470H Application of operational research and information technology to develop decision support systems for land management planning. Basic principles of mathematical programming, simulation and decision analysis techniques, and their application to planning for forest conservation and sustainable development, policy analysis and other land management planning problems.
This is a Science course
GGR473H The design and production of maps using cartographic and publishing software packages. Map perception and map use, principles and elements of cartographic design, production and reproduction of maps and atlases. Practical exercises culminate in a major project in atlas design.
This is a Social Science course
JFG475H Use of operational research and information technology to develop mathematical models and decision support systems used to design and evaluate the performance of emergency response systems. Forest fire management systems used to illustrate basic principles of emergency response system planning that can be applied to urban fire and ambulance services.
This is a Science course
GGR480Y Context in any given year depends on instructor and location. Offered in summer session. Consult departmental office in April.
This is a Social Science course
GGR490H A two week course emphasizing the use of advanced field methods for analyzing the pattern of variations in vegetation, soils, surface hydrology and geomorphology. Course is offered in August at one of several field stations located in Alberta, British Columbia and Newfoundland. Students are responsible for the cost of board, lodging and transport to and from the field. Students must register with the instructors in March. (Offered in alternate years)
This is a Science course
GGR491Y Only open to students who have completed 15 courses and who are enroled in a Specialist or Major Program sponsored by the Department of Geography. A ballot form (available in the Geography Department Office) must be filled out in April of the preceding year. Students should arrange for a supervisor through the Course Coordinator. Research projects must be approved by the supervisor and must be appropriate to the Specialist or Major Program in which the student is enroled.
GGR498H An independent research extension to one of the courses already completed in Physical Geography. Enrolment requires written permission from a staff supervisor. Only open to students who have completed 15 course credits and who are enrolled in a Specialist or Major Program sponsored by the Department of Geography.
This is a Science course
GGR499H An independent research extension to one of the courses already completed in a social science or humanities branch of Geography. Enrolment requires written permission from a staff supervisor. Only open to students who have completed 15 course credits and who are enrolled in a Specialist or Major Program sponsored by the Department of Geography.
This is a Social Science or Humanities course 
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