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Introduction

Geography is the study of the environments created on the earth's surface by nature and people. The physical and biological elements of these environments, as well as their economic and social structure, historical development, spatial organization, interrelationships, management and planning form the subject matter of Geography. Geography, therefore, relates closely to other fields in natural science, social science and the humanities, and geographers take courses in these related fields along with their geography courses. Students specializing in other subjects often select one or more geography courses to deepen their understanding of the resource base, culture and economy of those parts of the world in which they are interested.

Employment opportunities for geographers exist in many branches of international organizations, government, industry, and education. Geographers work at all levels of government service, especially in agencies responsible for environmental management; land and resource analysis; development of historic districts and sites; urban transportation planning; regional economic planning; trade promotion; geographic systems design and data analysis; transport network design and the processing of archival, survey, and cartographic information. In business, geographers work in marketing, locational analysis, resource development, and in consulting firms engaged in project evaluation and land use planning.

Students studying Geography may take either a B.A. or B.Sc., depending upon the aspects they wish to emphasize. The Department offers several Specialist, Major and Minor Programs in Geography, cooperates in offering a combined program with Economics, shares with Botany and Zoology a program in Biogeography, and contributes courses to various departmental and college programs including American Studies; Anthropology; Archaeology; Canadian Studies and Peace and Conflict Studies; Equity Studies; Division of the Environment; Environmental Geosciences; Environmental Studies; and Urban Studies; Ethics, Society and Law and International Relations; and European Studies. The Professional Experience Year program ("PEY": see also Page $$) is available to full-time Geography Majors or Specialists at the end of their second or third year of a four-year program, or their second year of a three-year program. A minimum CGPA of 2.0 and a minimum 70% average in Geography courses is required. The program provides students with the opportunity to gain 12-16 months of employment experience.

Course outlines are available throughout the year in the departmental office, Sidney Smith Hall, Room 5047. Counselling and advice may be obtained from the Undergraduate Coordinator, the Student Counsellor and from the Geography Undergraduates' Society (T.U.G.S.), Sidney Smith Hall, Room 613.

Undergraduate Coordinator: Professor A.M. Davis, Sidney Smith Hall, Room 5044 (978-5992)

Student Counsellor: Ms. H. Ali, Sidney Smith Hall, Room 5050 (978-6455)

General Enquiries: 978-3375

GEOGRAPHY PROGRAMS

Enrolment in Minor, Major and Specialist programs sponsored by the Departmef Geography requires the completion of four courses, including one of GGR 100Y, 107Y, 124Y or JGF 150Y. No minimum GPA required. Double majors in Geography must complete at least 13 different GGR/JFG/JGF/JGI credits.

BIOGEOGRAPHY - See BOTANY

ENVIRONMENT AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (B.A.) Consult Department of Geography.

Specialist program (Hon.B.A.): (10 full courses or their equivalent, including at least one 400-series course)

First Year: One course from Group A (GGR 107Y recommended)

Higher Years:
1. GGR 233Y, 270Y, 272H, GGR 391H, 393H
2. GGR 491Y/two of GGR 409H, 415H, 418H, 435H, 450H, 492H, 498H, 499H
3. One additional half course from Group B
4. Four courses from: GGR 220Y, 239H, 256H, 305H, 307H, 310H, 314H, 327H, 331H, 332H, 333H, 334H, 340H, 342H, 343H, 344H, 347H, 348H, 390H, 409H, 415H, 418H, 435H, 450H, 456H; INI 440Y; JFG 328H; JGF 470H, 475H; up to 1.5 courses from Group C; a second course from Group A; up to one more course credit from Group B

Major program (B.A.): (7 full courses or their equivalent)

First Year: One course from Group A (GGR 107Y recommended)

Higher Years:
1. GGR 233Y
2. One course from Group B
3. Four courses from last option list in Specialist program above

GEOGRAPHY (B.A.)

Specialist program (Hon.B.A.): (10 full courses or their equivalent, including at least one 400-series course)

First Year: One course from Group A

Higher Years:
1. GGR 270Y, 272H, GGR 391H/392H
2. GGR 491Y/two of GGR 409H, 413H, 415H, 418H, 421H, 431H, 446H, 450H, 452H, 455H, 459H, 492H, 498H, 499H
3. One additional half course from Group B
4. Additional GGR courses to a total of ten, with no more than one additional course from Group A

Major program (B.A.): (7 full courses or their equivalent)
NOTE: The general Geography major program is excluded from the arrangement whereby students in a four-year degree may take two major programs sponsored by the Department of Geography.

First Year: One course from Group A

Higher Years:
1. One course from Group B
2. Additional GGR courses to a total of seven, with no more than one additional course from Group A and including at least three 300-400 level courses

Minor program (B.A.): (4 full courses or their equivalent)
1. One course only from Group A
2. Three other higher level GGR courses, including at least one 300/400-series course

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS - See DIVISION of the ENVIRONMENT

GEOGRAPHY AND ECONOMICS - See ECONOMICS

HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY (B.A.) Consult Department of Geography.

Specialist program (Hon.B.A.): (10 full courses or their equivalent, including at least one 400-series course)

First Year: One course from Group A (GGR 107Y recommended)

Higher Years:
1. GGR 240Y, 270Y, 272H, GGR 392H
2. GGR 491Y/two of GGR 421H, 446H, 492H, 499H
3. One additional half course from Group B
4. 4.5 courses from: GGR 239H, 246H, 249H, 254H, 336H, 340H, 342H, 343H, 344H, 347H, 348H, 361H, 364H, 366H, 421H, 446H;
a second course from Group A; up to one more course credit from Group B

Major program (B.A.): (7 full courses or their equivalent)

First Year: One course from Group A (GGR 107Y recommended)

Higher Years:
1. GGR 240Y
2. One full course or equivalent from Group B
3. Four courses from last option list in Specialist Program above

PHYSICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL GEOGRAPHY (B.Sc.) Consult Department of Geography.

Specialist program (Hon.B.Sc.): (12.5 full courses or their equivalent, including at least one 400-series course)

First Year:
1. One course from Group A (GGR 100Y/JGF 150Y strongly recommended)
2. MAT 135Y/137Y, PHY 110Y/138Y/140Y
3. One course from: BIO 100Y/150Y; CHM 137Y/151Y

Higher Years:
4. Three of: GGR 201H, 203H, 205H, 206H
5. GGR 270Y, 272H, GGR 390H, 391H
6. GGR 491Y/two of GGR 409H, 413H, 498H
7. One additional half-course from Group B
8. Three courses from: GGR 201H, 203H, 205H, 206H, 302H, 305H, 307H, 310H, 312H, 314H, 401H, 402H, 409H, 413H, 490H; GLG 355H; JGG 404H; up to one more course credit from Group B

Major program (B.Sc.): (7.5 full courses or their equivalent)

First Year:
1. One course from Group A (GGR 100Y/JGF 150Y strongly recommended)
2. One course from: BIO 100Y/150Y; CHM 137Y/151Y; MAT 135Y/137Y; PHY 110Y/138Y/140Y

Higher Years:
3. Three of: GGR 201H, 203H, 205H, 206H
4. GGR 390H
5. One additional course from Group B
6. 2.5 courses from last option list in Specialist program above

URBAN AND ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY (B.A.) Consult Department of Geography.

Specialist program (Hon.B.A.): (10 full courses or their equivalent, including at least one 400-series course)

First Year: One course from Group A (GGR 124Y recommended)

Higher Years:
1. GGR 220Y, 270Y, 272H, GGR 391H
2. GGR 491Y/two of 431H, 450H, 452H, 455H, 459H, 492H, 499H, JFG 470H
3. One additional half-course from Group B
4. 4.5 courses from: GGR 233Y, 239H, 249H, 252H, 256H, 323H, 324H, 326H, 333H, 336H, 339H, 340H, 342H, 343H, 344H, 347H, 348H, 357H, 361H, 366H, 431H, 436H, 450H, 452H, 455H, 456H, 459H; JFG 470H, 475H; JGI 346H; a second course from Group A; up to one more course credit from Group B

Major program (B.A.): (7 full courses or their equivalent)

First Year: One course from Group A (GGR 124Y recommended)

Higher Years:
1. GGR 220Y
2. One course from Group B
3. Four courses from the last option list in Specialist Program above

Group A: GGR 100Y, 101Y, 107Y, 110Y, 124Y; JGF 150Y

Group B: GGR 270Y, 272H, 273H, 327H, 371H, 373H, 390H, 391H, 392H, 393H, 462H, 464H, 473H, 480H, 490H; JFG 470H, 475H

Group C: ENV 236Y; GGR 201H, 203H, 205H, 206H, 302H, 305H, 307H, 310H, 314H, 401H, 402H, 409H, 413H, 490H
Note: A different Statistics course (e.g. STA 220H+221H) can be substituted for GGR 270Y, but another GGR course must be taken as a replacement. Similarly, CSC 104H/108H may be substituted for Group B courses, but replacement GGR must be taken.