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Human Biology

Faculty

The Human Biology programs are available to students entering their second year of study. Our multi-disciplinary programs integrate topics from the medical sciences, biological and social sciences, as well as the humanities. The goal of each Human Biology program is to provide a broad education focused on an area of biological science relevant to humans. Students will receive a solid foundation in life science courses together with insight from the humanities and social sciences. Graduates of our programs will be equipped with a broad range of knowledge and skills to go into the job market or pursue further study in research, health sciences, biotechnology, law, education, and administration (check our web site at http://hmb.utoronto.ca for more career paths).

Humans are first and foremost animals, living organisms. As such, they share fundamental characteristics with all life - structure, chemistry, control mechanisms, behaviour, an ecological context, and an evolutionary history. Thus the study of human biology must entail a sound knowledge of basic life science. Humans have also developed unique characteristics, emergent properties, arising from their highly complex brains - their intricate behaviour, communication and conceptual abilities, and social structures. So a fuller appreciation of their biology also needs an understanding drawn from disciplines such as psychology, anthropology, and sociology. The Human Biology science programs are designed to do this.

We offer multiple Specialist programs, and a variety of Major programs. Each program enables students to study specific aspects of human biology. Students can combine a Human Biology Major program with other Science, Social Sciences or Humanities Major and/or Minor programs. Students who later wish to specialize may be able to enter the related Specialist program.

We have five areas of study available as both Human Biology Specialist and Major programs:

• Environment & Health programs provide a basic understanding of the complex relationships between the behaviour of Planet Earth and the working of the human body.
• Genes Genetics & Biotechnology programs focus on various aspects of genetics, including options in molecular and population genetics, and how genetics applies to the emerging fields of bioengineering and of biotechnology.
• Global Health programs provide worldwide perspectives on health and medicine encompassing social, political, and economic environments.
• Health & Disease programs examine the functioning of living organisms and how they respond to environmental conditions, both internal and external, that cause disease.
• Neuroscience programs, relevant to all aspects of the nervous system, cover topics as diverse as mechanisms of learning and memory, pain, Alzheimer’s disease and movement disorders such as Parkinson’s and Lou Gehrig’s disease.

Two additional areas are available as Human Biology Major programs:

• Health Care Ethics Major program focuses on social and ethical issues in clinical care and biomedical research.
• Human Biology Major program provides a broad and flexible course of study in the basic medical sciences as well as other life sciences.

The first year requirements for all Human Biology programs consist of introductory 100-level courses. All programs require the foundational biology course(s), BIO120H1 Adaptation and Biodiversity plus BIO130H1 Molecular and Cell Biology. Specific programs have additional 100-level course requirements (see specific program requirements), some of which can be chosen from a selection list. Your choice of selected courses should be influenced by which areas and courses you want to study in upper years. All Major programs offered by Human Biology build on a first-year background in chemistry as well as biology. Major programs also require a course in psychology, physics or mathematics, except for Environment & Health which extends this selection to specific geography and geology courses; and Neuroscience which requires psychology as well as physics or mathematics. For the Specialist programs in Genes Genetics & Biotechnology, Health & Disease and Neuroscience, you are strongly recommended to take both calculus and physics in either first or second year. Both are important for upper level science courses and other life science programs.

Starting in second year, students can either follow the more general Human Biology Major program or take a Major or Specialist program in a more specific area of Human Biology. Each of these more focused programs has core courses in second and third year, tailored to meet the specific interests of its students. These courses concentrate on an area important to the program theme, and/or emphasize the interdisciplinary nature of the program theme by showing connections between its different subject areas. Fewer core courses are required for the new Major programs than for the Specialist programs. Courses most often include lectures and small groups (e.g., tutorials, seminars) with laboratory courses offered primarily in third year.

To complete their programs, students can choose from a range of options in third and fourth years, depending on their interests, previous course completion, course availability and future career. Options include 400-level advanced seminar courses and research project courses. Please check our website and the online timetable for the most current course information since we have rapidly expanded our course menu with an addition of ~30 courses since 2006-07.

For further information about our programs and courses, see: our web site (http://hmb.utoronto.ca) or contact us via email (human.biology@utoronto.ca), telephone (416-946-7609), or in person (Human Biology Program Office, Wetmore Hall room 105, New College, 300 Huron Street).

Human Biology Programs

For these programs, BIO150Y1 is equivalent to BIO120H1 and BIO220H1.  BIO240H1 and BIO241H1 is equivalent to BIO130H1 and BIO230H1.

The Human Biology Program administers all Human Biology Specialist and Major programs except for the Environment & Health Specialist program (see Environment, Centre for).

We encourage every student registered in a Human Biology program to discuss their individual program each year with a Human Biology student advisor (for appointment, contact counsel.hmb@utoronto.ca).

Enrolment in all Human Biology specialist programs is limited.  (The exception is the Environment & Health Specialist Program, which is Type 1.)    Students apply for admission on the Arts & Science Faculty Registrar’s Office website as for a Type 3 program (see the Registration Handbook & Timetable for instructions).  Admission will be determined on course marks in the following 3.0 credits:   

1.   BIO120H1, BIO130H1
2.   (CHM138H1, CHM139H1)/CHM151Y1
3.   1.0 FCE from: (MAT135H1, MAT136H1)/(PHY131H1, PHY132H1)/(PHY151H1, PHY152H1)

Each course of these 3.0 FCEs must have a final mark of at least 60%, and students must have an average on the 3.0 of at least 70% to be eligible. Achieving the minimum marks does not guarantee admission to a program.  

While it is difficult to predict what will be competitive course marks and average in a given year,  based on previous years, an estimate of the marks that will likely be needed for admission is noted with each of the limited enrolment programs below. Achieving these estimated marks does not guarantee admission to the subject POSt in any given year.

Note:  An estimate of the marks required for admission:  high 70s; average =  high-70s

(14.5 to 15 full courses or their equivalent, including at least two 400-series courses)
First Year (3.0 FCE): (BIO120H1+BIO130H1), (CHM138H1+CHM139H1)/CHM151Y1, (MAT135H1+MAT136H1)/(PHY131H1+PHY132H1)/(PHY151H1+PHY152H1)
Higher Years:
1. HMB201H1, HMB265H1/BIO260H1, BCH210H1, (BIO220H1+BIO230H1/BIO255H1), CHM247H1
2. 0.5 to 1.0 FCE from: ANT100Y1/ECO100Y1/GGR100H1/GGR107H1/GGR124H1/PHL100Y1/PSY100H1/SOC101Y1/SOC102H1/SOC103H1/VIC170Y1/VIC171Y1
3. 1.0 FCE from: ANT203Y1/ANT204H1/ANT208H1/ENV221H1/ENV222H1/GGR220H1/GGR246H1/GGR270H1/JGE236H1/PHL240H1/PHL245H1/PHL273H1/PHL275H1/PHL281H1/SOC205H1/SOC207H1/SOC210H1/SOC212H1/SOC213Y1/SOC214H1/SOC220H1/SOC243H1/SOC244H1/SOC246H1/SOC260H1
4. HMB301H1, HMB321H1, BCH311H1/CSB349H1/PSL350H1
5. 0.5 FCE science laboratory from: HMB311H1/BCH370H1/CSB330H1/CSB350H1/MGY360H1/MGY379Y1/PSL372H1
6. 2.0 FCE from the sciences: ANA301H1/BCH 300-series (see Note 1 below)/CSB325H1/CSB327H1/CSB328H1/CSB331H1/CSB332H1/CSB340H1/CSB343H1/CSB345H1/CSB347H1/CSB351Y1/CSB352H1/CSB353H1/EHJ351H1/EHJ352H1/EEB323H1/EEB324H1/IMM334Y1/PSY397H1/LMP301H1/LMP363H1/MGY377H1/MGY378H1/NFS284H1/NFS382H1/NFS386H1/PCL201H1/PCL302H1/(PSL300H1+PSL301H1)
7. 1.0 FCE from a Bio-Social or Social perspective: ANT 300-series/GGR314H1/JGE331H1/GGR333H1/GGR334H1/GGR338H1/HPS318H1/HPS319H1/HPS324H1/HPS326H1/HPS350H1/JHE353H1/JHE355H1/WGS365H1/WGS367H1/WGS368H1/WGS372H1/WGS373H1/PHL341H1/PHL342H1/PHL345H1/PHL347H1/PHL349H1/PHL357H1/PHL381H1/PHL383H1/PHL384H1/SOC303H1/SOC306Y1/SOC309Y1/SOC312H1/SOC317Y1/SOC325Y1/SOC355H1/SOC356Y1/SOC363H1/SOC365H1/SOC366H1/SOC381Y1/SOC382H1/SOC388H1
8. 1.0 FCE from a 400-level science series: HMB421H1/HMB431H1/HMB435H1/HMB436H1/HMB441H1/BCH 400-series (see Note 1 below)/CSB428H1/CSB429H1/CSB452H1/CSB458H1/CSB459H1/CSB460H1/CSB472H1/CSB474H1/CSB483H1/CSB484H1/EEB459H1/EEB460H1/LMP 400-series/MGY 400-series (see Note 3 below)/NFS 400-series/PCL477H1/PSL 400-series
9. 1.0 FCE from a 400-level Science, Bio-social or Social Perspective (see Note 2 below): HMB 400-series/HMB499Y1/ANT445H1/ANT448H1/ANT450H1/GGR416H1/GGR439H1/PHL407H1/PHL440H1/PHL470H1/PHL475H1/PHL482H1/PHL483H1/JFG475H1/NEW425Y1/BCH 400-series (see Note 1 below)/CSB428H1/CSB429H1/CSB452H1/CSB458H1/CSB459H1/CSB460H1/CSB472H1/CSB474H1/EEB459H1/EEB460H1/LMP 400-series/MGY 400-series (see Note 3 below)/PHC 400-series/PSL 400-series

Note:  An estimate of the marks required for admission:  course marks =  mid 70s ; average = high 70s

(15.5 to 16 full courses or their equivalent, including at least two 400-series courses)
First Year (3.0 FCE): (BIO120H1+BIO130H1), (CHM138H1+CHM139H1)/CHM151Y1, (MAT135H1+MAT136H1)/(PHY131H1+PHY132H1)/(PHY151H1+PHY152H1)
Higher Years:
1. HMB203H1, (BIO220H1+BIO230H1/BIO255H1), STA220H1
2. 1.0 FCE from Environment or Resource Management: JGE236H11/FOR201H1/GGR201H1/GGR203H1/GGR206H1/ENV221H1/ENV222H1
3. 0.5 to 1.0 FCE from: ANT100Y1/GGR100H1/GGR107H1/GGR124H1/PHL100Y1/PSY100H1/SOC101Y1/SOC102H1/SOC103H1/TRN150Y1/TRN151Y1/VIC170Y1/VIC171Y1/NEW150Y1/POL101Y1/WGS160Y1
4. 1.0 FCE from Social, Cultural or Political Science: ANT204H1/ANT208H1/GGR216H1/GGR220H1/JGI216H1/NEW250Y1/PHL273H1/PHL275H1/PHL281H1/POL201Y1/POL208Y1/PSY220H1/SOC205H1/SOC210H1/SOC214H1/SOC243H1/SOC244H1/SOC246H1/SOC256H1/SOC281H1/UNI209H1/UNI237H1/WGS271Y1/WGS273Y1
5. 1.0 FCE from Biological Sciences: HMB265H1/HMB342H1/HMB390H1/ANT203Y1/BCH210H1/BIO251H1/(BIO270H1+BIO271H1)/EEB225H1/EEB263Y1/ENV234H1/JGE236H1/(PSL300H1+PSL301H1)/STA221H1
6. HMB303H1
7. 0.5 FCE in Laboratory Sciences: HMB312H1/BCH370H1/CSB330H1/CSB350H1/MGY379Y1/PSL372H1
8. 1.5 FCE from Basic Medical Sciences: CSB351Y1/IMM334Y1/LMP363H1/MGY377H1/MGY378H1/NFS284H1
9. 0.5 FCE from Ecology/Evolution: EHJ351H1/EHJ352H1/EEB319H1/EEB322H1/EEB323H1/EEB324H1/EEB328H1/EEB362H1/EEB365H1/BCH311H1/CSB349H1/PSL350H1
10. 1.0 FCE from Environmental Issues: GGR303H1/GGR305H1/GGR307H1/GGR314H1/JGE321H1/ENV322H1/FOR302H1/FOR303H1
11. 1.0 FCE from Social Perspective: HMB323H1/ANT345H1/ANT346H1/ANT348H1/ANT364Y1/ANT374H1/ENV333H1/ENV350H1/GGR329H1/GGR334H1/GGR338H1/ENV320H1/ENV333H1/ENV341H1/JIE307Y1/JNH350H1/PHL373H1/PHL380H1/PHL381H1/PHL382H1/PHL383H1/PHL384H1/POL301Y1/POL317Y1/POL343Y1/POL351Y1/POL380H1/POL380Y1/PSY333H1/SOC309Y1/SOC312H1/SOC364H1/SOC381Y1/UNI310H1/WGS365H1/WGS367H1/WGS368H1/WGS386H1
12. 1.0 FCE from 400-level Sci/Env/Eco series: HMB433H1/HMB434H1/HMB443H1/HMB473H1/HAJ453H1/CSB452H1/CSB458H1/EEB428H1/EEB440H1/EEB459H1/EEB465H1/EEB495H1/GGR403H1/GGR409H1/LMP402H1/LMP403H1/LMP406H1/LMP436H1/MGY434H1/MGY440H1/MIJ485H1/
NFS485H1/NFS486H1/NFS487H1/NFS490H1/PSL420H1/PSL421H1/PSL470H1/PSL472H1/JEH455H1
13. 1.0 FCE from 400-level Soc/Hum/Proj series (see Note 2 below): HMB420H1/HMB433H1/HMB462H1/HMB498Y1/HMB499Y1/ANT427H1/ANT440H1/ANT448H1/ANT450H1/ANT452H1/ANT460H1/GGR418H1/GGR419H1/GGR438H1/GGR439H1/JFG475H1/NEW452H1/POL412Y1/POL413H1/POL417Y1/PHL415H1/PHL440H1/PHL470H1/PHL482H1/TRN411Y1/TRN419Y1/TRN421Y1/UNI411Y1/UNI440H1/UNI464H1/WGS425H1/WGS426H1

An estimate of the marks required for admission:  course marks =  mid 70s; average = mid 70s

(14.5 to 15 full courses or their equivalent, including at least two 400-series courses)
First Year (3.0 FCE): (BIO120H1+BIO130H1), (CHM138H1+CHM139H1)/CHM151Y1, (MAT135H1+MAT136H1)/(PHY131H1+PHY132H1)/(PHY151H1+PHY152H1)
Higher Years:
1. HMB202H1, HMB265H1/BIO260H1, BCH210H1, (BIO220H1+BIO230H1/BIO255H1), CHM247H1
2. 0.5 to 1.0 FCE from: ANT100Y1/GGR100H1/GGR107H1/GGR124H1/PHL100Y1/PSY100H1/SOC101Y1/SOC102H1/SOC103H1/VIC170Y1/VIC171Y1
3. 1.0 FCE from: ANT203Y1/ANT204H1/ANT208H1/ENV221H1/ENV222H1/GGR220H1/GGR246H1/GGR270H1/JGE236H1/PHL240H1/PHL245H1/PHL237H1/PHL275H1/PHL281H1/SOC205H1/SOC207H1/SOC210H1/SOC212H1/SOC213Y1/SOC214H1/SOC220H1/SOC243H1/SOC244H1/SOC246H1/SOC260H1
4. HMB302H1, BCH311H1/CSB349H1/PSL350H1, (MGY377H1+MGY378H1)/CSB351Y1, (PSL300H1+PSL301H1)
5. 0.5 FCE science laboratory from: HMB312H1/BCH370H1/CSB330H1/MGY379Y1/PSL372H1
6. 0.5 FCE from the sciences: HMB305H1/HMB322H1/HMB325H1/HMB342H1/HMB390H1/ANA300Y1/ANA301H1/BIO251H1/(BIO270H1+BIO271H1)/CSB325H1/CSB327H1/CSB328H1/CSB331H1/CSB332H1/CSB340H1/CSB345H1/CSB346H1/CSB347H1/CSB353H1/BCH 300-series (see Note 1 below)/EEB331H1/EEB340H1/EHJ351H1/EHJ352H1/IMM334Y1/ PSY397H1/LMP301H1/LMP363H1/NFS284H1/NFS386H1/PCL201H1/PCL302H1/PCL362H1/PSL304H1/PSL305H1
7. 1.0 FCE from a Bio-Social or Social perspective: ANT 300-series/GGR314H1/GGR333H1/GGR334H1/GGR338H1/HPS318H1/HPS319H1/HPS324H1/HPS326H1/HPS350H1/JHE353H1/JHE355H1/JGE331H1/JNH350H1/ PHL341H1/PHL342H1/PHL345H1/PHL347H1/PHL349H1/PHL381H1/PHL383H1/PHL384H1SOC303H1/SOC306Y1/SOC309Y1/SOC312H1/SOC317Y1/SOC355H1/SOC356Y1/SOC363H1/SOC365H1/SOC366H1/SOC381Y1/SOC382H1/SOC388H1/WGS365H1/WGS366H1/WGS367H1/WGS368H1/WGS372H1/WGS373H1
8. 1.0 FCE from a 400-level science series: HMB402H1/HMB422H1/HMB432H1/HMB440H1/HMB441H1/HMB452H1/HMB470H1/HMB471H1/HMB472H1/HMB473H1/BCH 400-series (see Note 1 below)/CSB428H1/CSB429H1/CSB452H1/CSB458H1/CSB460H1/CSB472H1/EEB460H1/IMM429H1/IMM430H1/IMM435H1/IMM428H1/LMP 400-series/MIJ485H1/MGY 400-series/NFS 400-series/PCL470Y1/PCL471Y1/PCL473Y1/PCL475Y1/PCL477H1/PCL481H1/PSL 400-series/PSY497H1
9. 1.0 FCE from a 400-level Science, Bio-social or Social Perspective (see Note 2 below): HMB 400-series/HMB499Y1/HAJ453H1/JEH455H1/ANT433H1/ANT434H1/ANT435H1/ANT445H1/ANT448H1/ANT450H1/ANT460H1/GGR415H1/GGR416H1/GGR439H1/PHL407H1/PHL440H1/PHL470H1/PHL475H1/PHL482H1/PHL483H1/JFG475H1/NEW425Y1/BCH 400-series (See Note 4 below)/CSB428H1/CSB429H1/CSB452H1/CSB458H1/CSB460H1/CSB472H1/EEB460H1/IMM429H1/IMM430H1/IMM435H1/PSY497H1/MIJ485H1/LMP 400-series/MGY 400-series (see Note 3 below)/NFS484H1/NFS486H1/NFS488H1/NFS490H1/PCL470Y1/PCL471Y1/PCL473Y1/PCL475Y1/PCL481H1/PHC 400-series/PSL 400-series/UNI440H1

An estimate of the marks required for admission:  course marks =  mid 70s; average = high 70s

(13.5 to 14 full courses or their equivalent, including at least two 400-series courses)

First Year (3.0 FCE): (BIO120H1+BIO130H1), (CHM138H1+CHM139H1)/CHM151Y1, (MAT135H1+MAT136H1)/(PHY131H1+PHY132H1)/(PHY151H1+PHY152H1)
Higher Years:
1. PSY100H1, HMB200H1, HMB265H1/BIO260H1, BCH210H1/CHM247H1, (BIO220H1+BIO230H1/BIO255H1), STA220H1/PSY201H1
2. 0.5 FCE from: ANT204H1/ANT253H1/LIN200H1/PSY260H1/PSY270H1/PSY280H1
3. PSL300H1/(BIO270H1+BIO271H1)
4. HMB300H1, HMB310H1, HMB320H1, BCH311H1/CSB349H1/PSL350H1
5. 2.0 FCE from: CSB325H1/CSB328H1/CSB330H1/CSB332H1/CSB345H1/CSB346H1/CSB347H1/EEB322H1/JAL355H1/JLP315H1/JLP374H1/PCL201H1/PCL302H1/PSL301H1/PSL304H1/PSL305H1/PSL372H1/PSL374H1/PSY202H1/PSY342H1/PSY371H1/PSY372H1/PSY390H1/PSY396H1/PSY397H1/WGS372H1
6. 2.0 FCE from 400-level Science Series (see Note 2 below): HMB400Y1/HMB420H1/HMB430H1/HMB440H1/HMB471H1/HMB473H1/CSB425H1/CSB428H1/CSB430H1/CSB445H1/EEB459H1/JLS474H1/JLP471H1/NFS489H1/LMP410H1/PCL475Y1/PSL425H1/PSL432H1/PSL440Y1/PSL443H1/PSL444Y1/PSL450H1/PSL452H1/PSL472H1/PSY440H1/PSY460H1/PSY470H1/PSY471H1/PSY473H1/PSY475H1/PSY480H1/PSY490H1/PSY492H1/PSY493H1/PSY494H1/PSY497H1

1. Students who have completed BCH210H1 with high standing may enrol in 300- or 400-series lecture courses with permission of the Department of Biochemistry program coordinator.
2. One independent research or reading course may be used towards the 400-level FCE requirement after approval by the Human Biology program.
3. Students who have completed BCH311H1/CSB349H1/PSL350H1 with high standing may be eligible to enrol in other MGY 400-series courses with permission from the instructor.

Jointly sponsored by the Centre for Environment and the Human Biology Program, a collaborative program of the Faculty of Arts & Science and the Faculty of Medicine. Provides a basic understanding of the behaviour of Planet Earth, the workings of the human body, and the complex relationships between the two. For the specialist, consult David Powell, Undergraduate Student Advisor, Centre for Environment, Room 1049A, Earth Sciences Centre, 416-946-8100 or david.powell@utoronto.ca, or Human Biology Program Office, Wetmore Hall, Room 105, New College, 300 Huron Street, 416-946-7609

This is a Type 1 program. Information on application and acceptance timelines is available in the Registration Handbook and Timetable.

(14 full courses or their equivalent which includes fulfillment of the Faculty’s Distribution requirements; must include at least four 300+-series courses, one of which must be at the 400-level)

First Year:
Students must complete (BIO120H1+BIO130H1), (CHM138H1+CHM139H1)/CHM151Y1 and one FCE from among: GGR100H1/GGR101H1/MAT135H1/MAT136H1/JMB170Y1/PHY131H1/PHY132H1/PHY151H1/PHY152H1/PHY131H1/PHY132H1 recommended)/PSY100H1. Students should consider selecting an FCE from ECO/GGR/HIS/SOC to maximize elective course choice in later years.
Second Year (see note 1 below):
(BCH210H1, CHM247H1), (BIO220H1+BIO230H1/BIO255H1), (ENV221H1+ENV222H1/GGR222H1), ENV234H1, JGE236H1, PHL273H1, BIO260H1/HMB265H1 (see Note 2 below)
Third Year (see note 1 below):
CSB349H1/LMP363H1/NFS284H1/(PSL300H1+PSL301H1), JGE321H1/ENV321Y1, ENV341H1, STA220H1, STA221H1 (see Note 3 below), one FCE from among CHM210H1/ENV235H1/ENV334H1 (see Note 4 below)
Fourth Year:
1. ENV421H1/HMB396Y0/HMB496Y1/HMB498Y1/HMB499Y1 or a minimum of 0.5 FCE from any approved departmental or college independent research project
2. JEH455H1

Elective1:
1.5 FCE, approved by the Undergraduate Coordinator of the Centre, including at least one 300+-series course from: HMB302H1/HMB303H1/HMB304H1/HMB305H1/HMB314H1/HMB322H1/HMB390H1/HMB496Y1/HMB498Y1/HMB499Y1/ANA300Y1/ANA301H1/BCH311H1/CSB349H1/PSL350H1/BCH370H1/CHM310H1/CSB325H1/CSB327H1/CSB328H1/CSB331H1/CSB346H1/CSB347H1/CSB350H1/CSB351Y1/EEB318H1/EEB319H1/EEB321H1/EEB328H1/EEB362H1/EEB375H1/EEB428H1/ECO369Y1/ENV315H1/ENV336H1/ENV430H1/GGR303H1/GGR305H1/GGR333H1/GGR409H1/HIS423H1/JGE347H1/JGE348H1/GLG351H1/GLG450H1/IMM334Y1/LMP301H1/LMP363H1/MGY377H1/NFS382H1/NFS386H1/NFS488H1/PCL362H1/PCL389H1/PSL372H1/PSL420H1/PSY435H1/SOC243H1/SOC244H1/SOC256H1/SOC309Y1/SOC312H1/SOC363H1 or any other approved course for which the student has appropriate prerequisites. The 1.5 FCE should reflect the particular academic interests of each student.

E&H Specialist Program Notes:
1. Many second, third and fourth year courses in this program have specific prerequisites. Students should check prerequisites for the higher level courses they are interested in prior to making first year course selections, and on through higher years
2. Students who have taken one of ENV234Y1 or ENV235Y1 need only take 0.5 FCE of CHM210H1, ENV235H1, ENV334H1; students who have taken both of ENV234Y1 and ENV235Y1 need not take any of CHM210H1, ENV235H1, ENV334H1.
3. EEB225H is no longer equivalent to STA221H, as of the 2011-12 academic year.
4. In choosing among CHM210H1, ENV235H1 and ENV334H1, students should pay particular attention to their respective prerequisites.

Enrolment in a Human Biology Major program requires completion of 4.0 FCEs, no minimum GPA and registration in only one Human Biology Major program.

(8.0 FCE):
First Year (2.5 FCE): (BIO120H1+BIO130H1), (CHM138H1+CHM139H1)/CHM151Y1, MAT135H1/PHY131H1/PSY100H1
Higher Years:
1. 2.0 FCE: BCH210H1/CHM247H1, (BIO220H1+BIO230H1/BIO255H1), HMB265H1/BIO260H1
2. 1.0 FCE from: (PSL300H1+PSL301H1)/BIO251H1/(BIO270H1+BIO271H1)
3. 0.5 FCE: GGB core course HMB201H1
300- & 400-level:
4. 0.5 FCE: GGB core course HMB301H1/HMB311H1/HMB321H1
5. 0.5 FCE: BCH311H1/CSB349H1/PSL350H1
6. 0.5 FCE from GGB relevant course HMB301H1/HMB304H1/HMB305H1/HMB311H1/HMB314H1/HMB321H1/EHJ351H1/EHJ352H1/HMB390H1/HMB402H1/HMB421H1/HMB431H1/HMB435H1/HMB436H1/HMB441H1/HMB489H1/HMB499Y1/ANA300Y1/ANA301H1/BCB410H1*/BCH370H1/BCH422H1/BCH426H1/BCH440H1/BCH441H1/BCH444H1/BCH445H1/BCH446H1/CSB325H1/CSB327H1/CSB328H1/CSB331H1/CSB340H1/CSB350H1/CSB351Y1/CSB352H1/CSB353H1/CSB428H1/CSB429H1/CSB435H1/CSB450H1/CSB458H1/CSB459H1/CSB460H1/CSB472H1/CSB473H1/CSB474H1/CSB475H1/EEB403H1/EEB318H1/EEB323H1/EEB331H1/EEB362H1/EEB460H1/FOR300H1/FOR310H1/FOR410H1/FOR423H1/GGR305H1/IMM334Y1/LMP301H1/LMP363H1/LMP404H1/MGY350H1/MGY377H1/MGY378H1/MGY428H1/MGY451H1/NFS382H1*/NFS386H1/NFS487H1*/PSL462H1
7. 0.5 FCE from GGB depth course HMB421H1/HMB431H1/HMB435H1/HMB436H1/HMB441H1/HMB499Y1

*Some courses require additional prerequisites. Check course listings.

(8.0 FCE):
First Year (2.5 FCE): (BIO120H1+BIO130H1), (CHM138H1+CHM139H1)/CHM151Y1, MAT135H1/PHY131H1/PSY100H1
Higher Years:
1. 3.0 FCE: BCH210H1/CHM247H1; (BIO220H1+BIO230H1/BIO255H1), HMB265H1/BIO260H1, (PSL300H1+PSL301H1)/(BIO270H1+BIO271H1)
2. 0.5 FCE: GH core course HMB203H1
300- & 400-level:
3. 0.5 FCE: GH core course HMB303H1/HMB323H1
4. 1.0 FCE from GH relevant courses: HMB303H1/HMB304H1/HMB305H1/HMB312H1/HMB314H1/HMB323H1/HMB325H1/HMB342H1/HMB390H1/HMB404H1/HMB433H1/HMB434H1/HMB443H1/HMB444H1/HMB473H1/HMB498Y1/HAJ453H1/ANA300Y1/ANA301H1/BCH311H1/CSB349H1/PSL350H1/BCH370H1/CSB325H1/CSB327H1/CSB328H1/CSB330H1/CSB331H1/CSB346H1/CSB351Y1/CSB431H1/CSB483H1/EEB318H1/EEB319H1/EEB321H1*/EEB328H1/EEB362H1/EEB375H1/EEB428H1/EEB460H1/IMM334Y1/LMP301H1/LMP363H1/LMP404H1/LMP406H1/MGY350H1*/MGY377H1/MGY378H1*/NFS382H1*/NFS386H1/NFS487H1*/PCL389H1*/PHC320H1*/PSL372H1/PSL420H1/PSL421H1/PSY321H1*/UNI440H1/UNI464H1
5. 0.5 FCE from GH depth course HMB433H1/HMB434H1/HMB443H1/HMB498Y1/HAJ453H1

*Some courses require additional prerequisites. Check course listings.

(8.0 FCE):
First Year (2.5 FCE): (BIO120H1+BIO130H1), (CHM138H1+CHM139H1)/CHM151Y1, MAT135H1/PHY131H1/PSY100H1
Higher Years:
1. 3.0 FCE: BCH210H1/CHM247H1, (BIO220H1+BIO230H1/BIO255H1), HMB265H1/BIO260H1, (PSL300H1+PSL301H1)/(BIO270H1+BIO271H1)
2. 0.5 FCE: H&D core course HMB202H1
300- & 400-level:
3. 0.5 FCE: H&D core course HMB302H1/HMB312H1/HMB314H1/HMB322H1
4. 1.0 FCE H&D-relevant courses: HMB302H1/HMB304H1/HMB305H1/HMB306H1/HMB312H1/HMB314H1/HMB322H1/HMB325H1/HMB342H1/HMB390H1/HMB322H1/HMB402H1/HMB404H1/HMB406H1/HMB422H1/HMB432H1/HMB434H1/HMB435H1/HMB436H1/HMB440H1/HMB441H1/HMB443H1/HMB470H1/HMB471H1/HMB472H1/HMB473H1/HMB489H1/HMB499Y1/HAJ453H1/ANA300Y1/ANA301H1/BCH311H1/CSB349H1/PSL350H1/BCH370H1/BCH426H1*/BCH441H1*/BCH444H1*/BCH446H1*/CSB325H1/CSB327H1/CSB328H1/CSB330H1/CSB331H1/CSB332H1/CSB346H1/CSB347H1/CSB351Y1/CSB352H1/CSB431H1/CSB435H1/CSB472H1/CSB473H1/CSB483H1/EEB318H1/EEB323H1/EEB331H1/EEB375H1/EEB460H1/IMM334Y1/LMP301H1/LMP363H1/LMP404H1/LMP406H1/LMP412H1/MGY350H1*/MGY377H1/MGY378H1*/NFS382H1*/NFS386H1/NFS486H1*/PCL389H1*/PHC320H1*/PSL372H1/PSL420H1/PSL421H1/PSL425H1/PSL470H1/PSL472H1/PSY333H1*/PSY341H1*/UNI440H1
5. 0.5 FCE H&D depth course: HMB402H1/HMB406H1/HMB422H1/HMB432H1/HMB434H1/HMB435H1/HMB436H1/HMB440H1/HMB441H1/HMB443H1/HMB452H1/HMB470H1/HMB471H1/HMB472H1/HMB473H1/HMB462H1/HMB489H1/HMB499Y1/HAJ453H1/JEH455H1

*Some courses require additional prerequisites. Check course listings.

(8.0 FCE):
First Year (2.5 FCE): (BIO120H1+BIO130H1), (CHM138H1+CHM139H1)/CHM151Y1, MAT135H1/PHY131H1/PSY100H1
Higher Years:
1. 3.0 FCE: BCH210H1/CHM247H1, (BIO220H1+BIO230H1/BIO255H1), HMB265H1/BIO260H1, (PSL300H1+PSL301H1)/(BIO270H1+BIO271H1)
2. 0.5 FCE: HCE core course PHL281H1/PHL275H1/HPS250H1
300- & 400-level:
3. 0.5 FCE: HCE core course HMB306H1
4. 0.5 FCE: HCE relevant humanities course PHL380H1/PHL381H1/PHL382H1/PHL383H1/PHL384H1/HPS300H1/HPS318H1/HPS319H1
5. 0.5 FCE: HCE relevant science course HMB303H1/HMB305H1/HMB314H1/HMB322H1/HMB325H1/HMB342H1/HMB390H1/HMB402H1/HMB422H1/HMB432H1/HMB434H1/HMB440H1/HMB444H1/JEH455H1/HMB470H1/HMB471H1/HMB472H1/HMB473H1/HMB499Y1*/ANA300Y1/ANA301H1/BCH311H1/CSB349H1/PSL350H1/BCH370H1/CSB325H1/CSB327H1/CSB328H1/CSB331H1/CSB346H1/CSB351Y1/EEB318H1/EEB319H1/EEB321H1/IMM334Y1/LMP301H1/NFS382H1*/NFS386H1/NFS490H1*/PSL372H1/PSL420H1/PSY370H1
6. 0.5 FCE: HCE depth course HMB406H1

*Some courses require additional prerequisites. Check course listings.

(7.5 to 8 full courses or their equivalent)
First Year:
1. (BIO120H1+BIO130H1), (CHM138H1+CHM139H1)/CHM151Y1
2. 0.5 to 1.0 FCE from: JMB170Y1/(MAT135H1, MAT136H1)/(PHY131H1+PHY132H1)/(PHY151H1+PHY152H1)/PSY100H1/VIC170Y1/VIC171Y1
Second Year:
1. HMB265H1/BIO260H1, BCH210H1, (BIO220H1+BIO230H1/BIO255H1)
Third Year:
1. 1.0 FCE from: BIO251H1/(BIO270H1+BIO271H1)/(PSL300H1+PSL301H1)
2. 1.0 300+level FCE from: BIO; BOT; EEB; CSB; HMB*; PSY; ZOO
3. 1.0 300+level FCE from: ANA; BCH; HMB*; IMM; LMP; MGY; NFS; NRS; PCL; PSL

*all joint Human Biology courses included

(8.0 FCE):
First Year (3.0 FCE): (BIO120H1+BIO130H1), (CHM138H1+CHM139H1)/CHM151Y1, MAT135H1/PHY131H1, PSY100H1
Higher Years:
1. 2.0 FCE: BCH210H1/CHM247H1, (BIO220H1+BIO230H1/BIO255H1), HMB265H1/BIO260H1
2. 0.5 FCE: NRS core course HMB200H1/HMB220H1
3. 0.5 FCE from 200-series PSY course
300- & 400-level:
4. 0.5 FCE: NRS core course HMB300H1/HMB310H1/HMB320H1
5. 0.5 FCE: PSL300H1
6. 0.5 FCE from NRS relevant course HMB300H1/HMB310H1/HMB320H1/HMB390H1/HMB400Y1/HMB420H1/HMB430H1/HMB440H1/HMB471H1/HMB473H1/HMB489H1/ANA300Y1/ANA301H1/BCH311H1/CSB349H1/PSL350H1/BCH446H1/CSB325H1/CSB328H1/CSB332H1/CSB346H1/CSB347H1/CSB425H1/CSB428H1/CSB430H1/CSB445H1/EEB322H1*/JLP315H1/LMP410H1/NFS489H1*/PCL475Y1/PSL372H1/PSL432H1/PSL440Y1/PSL443H1/PSL444Y1/PSL452H1/PSL472H1/PSY 300-series*/PSY460H1*/PSL470H1*
7. 0.5 FCE from NRS depth course HMB400Y1/ HMB420H1/HMB430H1/HMB440H1/HMB471H1/HMB473H1/CSB425H1/CSB428H1CSB430H1/CSB445H1/PSL432H1/PSL452H1/PSL472H1/PSY460H1*/PSY470H1*/PSY497H1*

*Some courses require additional prerequisites. Check course listings.

(8.0 FCE):

First Year (2.5 FCE): (BIO120H1+BIO130H1), (CHM138H1+CHM139H1), GGR100H1/GGR101H1/GLG102H1/MAT135H1/PHY131H1/PSY100H1
Higher Years:
1. 2.0 FCE: BCH210H1/CHM247H1, (BIO220H1+BIO230H1/BIO255H1), HMB265H1/BIO260H1
2. 1 FCE: E&H core courses from among: ENV221H1/ENV222H1/GGR222H1/ENV234H1/JGE236H1
300- & 400-level:
3. 0.5 FCE: E&H course ENV341H1
4. 1.0 FCE: (PSL300H1+PSL301H1)
5. 0.5 FCE from E&H-relevant course HMB302H1/HMB303H1/HMB304H1/HMB305H1/HMB314H1/HMB322H1/HMB390H1/HMB496Y1/HMB498Y1*/HMB499Y1*/ANA300Y1/ANA301H1/BCH311H1*/CSB349H1/PSL350H1/BCH370H1/CHM310H1/CSB325H1/CSB327H1/CSB328H1/CSB331H1/CSB346H1/CSB347H1/CSB350H1/CSB351Y1/EEB318H1/EEB319H1/EEB321H1*/EEB328H1/EEB362H1/EEB375H1/EEB428H1/ENV315H1/ENV336H1/GGR303H1/GGR305H1/GGR409H1/JGE347H1/JGE348H1/GLG351H1/GLG450H1/IMM334Y1/LMP301H1/LMP363H1/MGY377H1/NFS382H1*/NFS386H1/NFS488H1*/PSL372H1/PSL420H1/PSY435H1*
6. 0.5 FCE: E&H depth course JEH455H1

*Some courses require additional prerequisites. Check course listings.

Other 400-level courses may be accepted with permission from the Human Biology Program.

Human Biology Courses

The 199Y1 and 199H1 seminars are designed to provide the opportunity to work closely with an instructor in a class of no more than twenty-four students. These interactive seminars are intended to stimulate the students’ curiosity and provide an opportunity to get to know a member of the professorial staff in a seminar environment during the first year of study. Details here.

A survey of brain systems, including evolution and development of the nervous system, brain stem system for defensive and approach responses, limbic and cortical systems for learning, and higher brain functions. Techniques for study of brain systems including pharmacology, gene targeting and human brain imaging are introduced.

Interdisciplinary course consisting of three parts: the genetic basis, tools and techniques of biotechnology; medical, environmental and agricultural applications; and ethical, legal and social aspects of biotechnology (including approaches to risk assessment, reduction and acceptance). A prime example used in the third part is the controversy over genetically modified foods.

An introductory course in Health and Disease using an interdisciplinary approach that integrates developmental human biology with perspectives from the Social Sciences. An exploration of the key concepts and approaches that are necessary for understanding the dynamic nexus of human health and disease.

An introductory course covering the theories, operational components and strategies of implementing primary health care in developing countries. Topics include education, control of vector borne diseases, essential drug provision, maternal and child health and nutrition and incorporation of alternative and complementary technologies, community participation and deployment of health service providers.

Students engage in a variety of current, high profile misconceptions in human biology to change and extend incorrect common beliefs; to become familiar with the process of scientific inquiry; and to develop thinking, analytical and communication skills. Scientific misconceptions are sourced from current issues.

An introductory course that explores the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of selected types of human behaviour.  Topics (may vary yearly) include addiction, sexual behaviour, and autism.  Critical analysis and debating of the available scientific evidence is used to enrich learning. This online course will use web-based delivery of lectures and tutorials and utilize a range of communication tools. Live online webinar participation is required for the lecture time of Mondays 11-1pm and tutorial time of Wednesdays 11-12pm [there may be 3-4 different tutorial times available].  The final exam in April will require student attendance on the St. George campus. (Available online only)

Prerequisite: (BIO120H1+BIO130H1)/BIO150Y1, PSY100H1
Exclusion: HMB200H1/HMB204H1
Distribution Requirement Status: This is a Science course
Breadth Requirement: Living Things and Their Environment (4)

HMB265H1    General & Human Genetics[24L/12T]

An introduction to classical and modern methods of genetic analysis. Topics include Mendelian genetics, the genetics of human population and disease, genomics, and applications of genetics to human society.

This intermediate course in neuroscience focuses on higher brain functions and mechanisms underlying human and animal behaviours. Topics may include advanced neurophysiological, neuroanatomical and genetic basis of various cortical functions, including learning and memory, “mirroring”, and executive function. Experimental techniques used in neuroscience research such as electrophysiological recordings, brain imaging and neurogenetics are emphasized.

Students gain an appreciation for how science, business, government and society drive the development of biotechnology products. Topics include stem cells and regenerative medicine, diagnostics, cancer therapy, biotechnology in the developing world, antibiotic alternatives, and patents.

Laboratory and lecture course studying the structure of the cell, various tissues and organ systems. Emphasis is on functional morphology and the adaptive response (including the inflammatory reaction) by comparing histological sections of normal tissues and organs with common diseases including neoplasia, respiratory, and liver disease.

A multidisciplinary emphasis on the economic, historical, social and cultural determinants of health and human rights, and how structural violence prevents progress towards human rights. Case studies reflecting global aspects of health and human rights form a framework for approaching these issues.

This course covers the analysis and development of visual media as it relates to the study of human biology. Lectures include: light/form; proportion/scale; conventions in human biology visualizations; media appropriate for target audience and reproduction. Topics may include: human anatomy and physiology, genetics, and issues in public health. Classes consist of lectures with computer lab explorations.

Learn about the people behind the last century of scientific discovery. Select scientists, chosen in part for the impact of their discovery on human biology, are used to illustrate the process of scientific research.

Decisions in medicine are affected by the practice of science. For example, experimental design, knowledge acquisition and claims, standards of proof, and regulatory processes can raise ethical issues in clinical practice. This is clearly evident in cases where the negative impact of a disease on health is high. This course focuses on these non-bioethical problems in biomedical science.

A laboratory course based on current research techniques for students in the Neuroscience Specialist and Major programs. Lab topics may include human brain imaging and disorders; animal behaviour, electrophysiology and cell culture; and microarray analysis of neural development.

A laboratory course based on current research techniques for students in the Genes Genetics & Biotechnology Specialist and Major programs. Lab topics may include basic microbiology, molecular biology and animal cell culture techniques, nutrigenomics; and microarray analysis of altered gene expression.

A laboratory course based on current research techniques for students in the Health & Disease Specialist and Major programs. Lab topics may include basic microbiology, molecular biology and animal cell culture techniques, immunocytochemistry, microarrays, and histological techniques.

Students analyze whole body, cellular, and molecular responses to stress. Techniques range from those standard in medical practice (e.g., blood pressure) to those used in cutting-edge research laboratories (e.g., microarrays). Students gain technical and analytical skills as they use these laboratory techniques to design and carry out individual and group experiments.

This is a rigorous, introductory course that presents the functional and comparative anatomy of the vertebrate brain. It is designed for students who intend to continue with studies in the Neurosciences and related areas.

The overall theme of this course is human genetics in disease. Topics include the molecular basis of human disease, using model organisms to identify disease-related genes, and genetic counseling. Expert guest lectures from clinical and basic sciences as well as small group work in tutorials build in-depth understanding.

Explore the scientific basis and interdisciplinary healthcare practices of several diseases (diseases vary by year). Discuss current issues related to the biology and the impact of these diseases.

Globalization of health problems impacts biomedical research.   Current global health research advances are explored and global health research skills are developed. Both provide background preparation for global health research, particularly in international settings.

Find out how to use statistics in your research, and critically assess published data using statistical concepts. The examples used in these lectures and small-group sessions are taken solely from human biology studies.

This course engages students in the fundamental science of epidemiology applied to health and disease.  After an introduction to various measures of health and disease, the scientific methods used to investigate, analyze, prevent and control health problems will be illustrated using biomedical and public health examples.

Explores the pandemic of AIDS in Africa through a social science lens. (Given by Human Biology and New College)

Human genome diversity and evolution with a focus on current research. The course integrates applications of human evolutionary genomics to the understanding of human history and adaptation, the causes of disease, and genome structure and function. Topics include: comparative genomics, population genomics of adaptation, association mapping, repetitive/selfish DNA, and gene duplication.

Increase fundamental skills in analytical and critical analysis of current topics in the biological/clinical sciences through the use of written and communication skills. Assignments focus on assessing primary scientific articles, oral presentation, written reviews, grant proposals, and peer evaluation to enhance effective communication skills.

Your individual, independent research project is supervised by a faculty member in an approved partner university. This unique opportunity to conduct a lab-based research project is open to students in any Human Biology program.

A research project is supervised by a faculty member of the Faculty of Arts and Science or the Faculty of Medicine.

Your individual, independent research project is supervised by a faculty member in an approved partner university. This unique opportunity to conduct a lab-based research project is open to students in any Human Biology program.

An Independent Experiential Study Project for students in Human Biology. An instructional-supervised group project in an international off-campus setting.

Laboratory research project on a neuroscience topic is supervised by a faculty member of the Faculty of Arts and Science or the Faculty of Medicine.

The bridge between basic scientific research and clinical practice integrates fundamental knowledge about molecular/cellular mechanisms and clinical disorders to increase the potential for new medical treatments, therapies and interventions as well as understanding of disease processes. Case applications delivered by experts illustrate how promising laboratory discoveries transform medicine and medical science.

This interdisciplinary course extends and applies the principles of HMB304H1 Biomedical Visualization 1 to enhance the translation of biomedical knowledge into visual communication. It encompasses medical illustration in health care, education, research and promotion. Nearby multi-disciplinary resources are instrumental for in-depth design projects that integrate art, science, and technology.

Since research involving human subjects lays the foundation for innovation in modern health care, this course examines health care ethics along a continuum from bench to bedside. Ethical issues are discussed in the context of specific cases involving human research, as well as contemporary clinical practice.

This seminar course focuses on recent research into the neurobiology underlying human behaviour. A variety of normal and abnormal human behaviours are studied (e.g., voluntary action, moral cognition, hedonism, aggression).

Theme based lecture and seminar course underlining current medical research in relation to the areas of genes, genetics and biotechnology. Topics vary yearly.

This course focuses on current medical research related to human disease. Faculty from the Department of Anaesthesia, Faculty of Medicine present their own perioperative research. The potentially profound health effects of anaesthesia, pain management, and the control of the cardiorespiratory system essential for most surgery are also highlighted.

Current research covering the breadth of neuroscience is show cased by members of the Collaborative Program in Neuroscience. These topical reports cover the spectrum from molecular through genetic, cellular, developmental, systems, behavioural and modelling. As well, approaches to studying neurodegenerative diseases and clinical neurophysiology are introduced.

Students use case studies facilitated by biotechnology experts to explore the integration of biological science with business. The focus is on vision and strategies of newly established ventures as well as existing companies that promote significant achievement in scientific discovery, commercial application, and public awareness.

Lecture and seminar course emphasizing current research. Topics may include the digestive system, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, stem cells, and neoplasia. Topics vary depending on class interest.

Seminar and theme based course examining the opportunity to apply basic knowledge of biological determinants of disease to designing health system interventions and informatics that can have a global impact in the near term.

Integrative health care is a phenomenon that is developing in health care systems in North America, China, India, and Vietnam, among others. It involves the coordination of multi-disciplinary and culturally-specific health services in the treatment of illness and disease, and an expanded concept of health, illness, and wellness.

Theme-based lecture and seminar course underlining current basic science research in the area of molecular and cell biology as related to human disease. Topics focus on the impact of fundamental processes (e.g., cell migration) on the cellular and molecular aspects of physiology and pathophysiology in a variety of systems (e.g., immune, nervous).

Lecture, seminar, and field course that studies the interactions between humans and fungi. Topics focus on fungal genetics and evolution, and the effects of fungi on human physiology. In addition, the commercialization and biotechnology of fungi are explored.

In patients with dementia, intellectual, social and occupational functioning deteriorate. We explore in depth the multi-disciplinary aspects of dementia (clinical, genetic, molecular, social) with a focus on the most common cause of dementia, Alzheimer's disease. A service-learning opportunity is integrated.

Toronto researchers present current insight into the genetics of specific human diseases: single gene (e.g., cystic fibrosis), chromosome (e.g, Down syndrome) and multifactorial inheritance (e.g., heart disease) disorders.

Vitamin and mineral deficiencies, termed ‘hidden hunger’, affect about half the world’s population. Explore the global nature, catastrophic consequences, and causes of these deficiencies. Discuss formulation and implementation of international, national, and local policies to alleviate ‘hidden hunger’ especially in infants and young children.

Seminars explore the interactions of biological sciences, social issues, and literature. Through reading of classic “SF” novels and popular writings by prominent twentieth century biologists in their historical, scientific, and thematic contexts, we examine how biological concepts and their development affected life, society, and the future of humanity.

Clinical medicine is making rapid progress in predicting individual patients’ disease risk, prevention, diagnosis and treatment. This new health care delivery requires overcoming major science and policy challenges to pave the way for its navigation by professionals and patients. Focus is on the significance of current breakthrough applications (e.g., nanoscale DNA sequencing).

Seminars explore the global AIDS crisis, adopting the medical-anthropological perspective of Paul Farmer's Infections and Inequalities. Varying epidemiological profiles of AIDS are placed in broader social, cultural, and political-economic frameworks. The impact of globalization and structural inequality on local cultures and lifestyles provides an essential backdrop to the discussions.

This course introduces students to complex issues at the interface between environment and health where health is broadly defined. Each year a current and controversial case study is explored from scientific, medical, political and policy perspectives. The course takes students from the molecular to individual to population and societal levels.

The focus is on the theory and application of biostatistics and epidemiology to current developments in special topics in substantive areas of epidemiology (e.g., chronic disease, environmental & occupational health, infectious disease, methods, social).

This course introduces biomechanics and builds on knowledge of the biomechanics of injury and dysfunction to develop a systematic understanding of risk, injury prevention, and initial management of injuries in sports and physical activities. Some additional topics include doping in sport, travel issues in competitive sport, and ethical issues in clinical sport medicine.

Enhancing performance has broad appeal. This course explores current developments for achieving peak performance academically, physically and emotionally. We focus on the scientific basis of the links between performance and stress, and of the benefits and risks of pharmacological methods to achieve performance enhancement. Various stress management skills are introduced.

Examine the physiological and biochemical responses of the human body to both acute and chronic bouts of physical activity. The impact of activity on health, and health on physical activity, is explored by examining adaptations from the cellular to the systemic level of bodily function.

Mental well-being is a critical element of total health. We explore the evidence underpinning the role of physical activity in the avoidance of mental disorders, recovery from mental disorders, and the quality of life of those with or without mental disorders. A service learning component in local organizations enriches learning.

Building on their experience in 3rd-year labs, students participate in inquiry-based laboratory experiments in diverse areas of current human biology research. Open to students in any Human Biology program.

Enhance and refine fundamental skills in analytical and critical analysis of current topics in the biological/clinical sciences through the use of written and communication skills. Assignments focus on assessing primary scientific articles, oral presentation, written reviews, grant proposals, and peer evaluation to enhance effective communication skills.

Explore an area of current scientific investigation by in-depth reading and manuscript writing under the supervision of a faculty member of the Faculty of Arts and Science or the Faculty of Medicine.

An independent summer research project is supervised by a faculty member of the Faculty of Arts and Science or the Faculty of Medicine.

A research project on issues of global health is supervised by a faculty member of the Faculty of Arts and Science or the Faculty of Medicine.

A research project is supervised by a faculty member of the Faculty of Arts and Science or the Faculty of Medicine.