Faculty of Arts & Science
2011-2012 Calendar

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German

Faculty


University Professor Emeritus
H. Eichner, BA, Ph D, LL D, FRSC

Professors Emeriti
E. Catholy, Dr Phil (SM)
A.P. Dierick, MA, Ph D (V)
R.H. Farquharson, MA, Ph D (V)
H. Froeschle, MA, Dr Phil (SM)
C.N. Genno, MA, Ph D (V)
W. Hempel, Dr Phil (SM)
D.A. Joyce, MA, Ph D (T)
H.L.M. Mayer, Dr Phil (V)
H.W. Seliger, M.A. Ph D (V)
D. W.J. Vincent, MA, Ph D (T)
H. Wetzel, Dr Phil (U)
H. Wittmann, MA, Ph D (UTSC)

Associate Professor and Chair of the Department
J. Zilcosky, MA, Ph D

Assistant Professor and Associate Chair for Graduate Studies
M. Stock, Dr Phil

Senior Lecturer and Associate Chair for Undergraduate Studies
E. Boran, MA, Ph D

Full Professors
W. Goetschel, Ph D
J. Noyes, Ph D

Associate Professors
A. Fenner, Ph D
M. Hager, Dr phil
S. Soldovieri, MA, Ph D (University of Toronto Mississauga)

Assistant Professors
C. Lehleiter, MA, Ph D

DAAD Visiting Associate Professor
A. Hausstein, Dr Phil

German-speaking countries enjoy a long tradition at the cultural and political core of Europe. During the last two hundred years their importance has steadily increased, and with the recent developments in Eastern Europe their influence seems certain to expand even more.

The importance of the German language has grown correspondingly: it is the second foreign language after English in the countries of central and Eastern Europe, and its use is spreading within the European Community. Learning German opens the door to many fields of intellectual, technical and politico-economic endeavor. German scholars have been leaders in philosophy, the sciences, history, archaeology, sociology and political science. German literature is equally distinguished: writers like Goethe, Kafka, Rilke, Brecht, Mann, Wolf, Grass, Jelinek, zdamar, etc., have dealt with the widest possible range of human problems and concerns, and have been recognized worldwide.

The Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures offers courses on literature from the Middle Ages to the present, so that the student may acquire an overview of this significant element of German life and culture. We offer language courses from beginning and intermediate to advanced levels, with practice in reading, writing, comprehending and speaking German, as well as stylistics, linguistics, and the specialized vocabulary and concepts of business. Language and literature instruction is integrated as far as possible, with the aim of teaching students advanced critical literacy in German. The department offers a minor in Yiddish, with instruction offered from beginning and intermediate to advanced levels. German combines well with other modern languages and literatures, and double-majors are encouraged. Students in a variety of programs, such as Cinema Studies, European Studies, Literary Studies, Drama, and others, will benefit from courses in German language, literature and culture.The Department supports opportunities for students to study and work in Germany, by encouraging participation in programs established by the German government, by Canadian universities, and by our own Arts and Science Facultys Study Elsewhere Program. One of these is the exchange program under which Toronto students can spend the academic year at the Humboldt University in Berlin.

A knowledge of German is a virtual necessity for specialists in many disciplines; it is also very useful in certain career areas (e.g., the foreign service, interpretation and translation, librarianship, business and commerce, music, tourism, and of course teaching). The successful completion of a four-year program, including seven approved courses in German, may entitle the student to enter the M.A. or Ph.D. program in the Graduate Division of the Department.

Students entering with some previous knowledge of German but without an OAC or equivalent qualification are required to contact the department to write an initial assessment test and will then be advised to take courses at the appropriate level. Students who have taken German in high school to OAC or equivalent level will normally begin with GER200Y1. Please check the department's web site at www. german.utoronto.ca for more information.

Information on studies in German Language and/or Literature can be obtained from the Associate Chair for Undergraduate StudiesĀ at german.undergrad@utoronto.ca.

Enquiries: Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures

Address: 50 St. Joseph Street, Odette Hall #322

Tel.: 416-926-2324

Email: german@chass.utoronto.ca

Website: www.german.utoronto.ca

German Programs


German Programs

German Studies Specialist (Arts program)

Enrolment in this program requires the completion of 4.0 courses.

(10 full courses or their equivalent)

1. GER100Y1, GER200Y1, GER300Y1, GER400H1
2. NEWGER150H1 (to be taken within the first two years of studies)
3. GER205H1, GER305H1
4. At least 3.5 additional F.C.E. in GER courses on the 300-level
5. At least 1.5 additional F.C.E. in GER courses on the 400-level
6. No more than 2 F.C.E. courses taught in English
7. Preapproved cognate courses may count toward the program

Please note: (a) GER150H1 must be taken within the first two year of study; (b) students must complete GER205H1 before taking ANY 300-level topic courses (i.e. typically in the second year, concurrently with GER200Y1); (c) students must complete GER305H1 before taking ANY 400-level topic courses; (d) 300-level courses may be replaced by 400-level courses (inquire in advance); (e) all specialists should schedule an appointment with the Undergraduate Coordinator for personalized counselling as early in their studies as possible.

German Studies Major (Arts program)

Enrolment in this program requires the completion of 4.0 courses.

(7 full courses or their equivalent)

1. GER100Y1, GER200Y1, GER300Y1, GER400H1
2. NEWGER150H1 (to be taken within the first two years of studies)
3. GER205H1, GER305H1
4. At least 1.5 additional F.C.E. in GER courses on the 300-level
5. At least 0.5 additional F.C.E. in GER courses on the 400-level
6. No more than 1.5 F.C.E. courses taught in English
7. Preapproved cognate courses may count toward the program

Please note: (a) GER150H1 must be taken within the first two year of study; (b) students must complete GER205H1 before taking ANY 300-level topic courses (i.e. typically in the second year, concurrently with GER200Y1); (c) students must complete GER305H1 before taking ANY 400-level topic courses; (d) 300-level courses may be replaced by 400-level courses (inquire in advance); (e) all majors should schedule an appointment with the Undergraduate Coordinator for personalized counselling as early in their studies as possible.

German Studies Minor (Arts program)

Enrolment in this program requires the completion of 4.0 courses.

(4 full courses or their equivalent)

1. GER100Y1, GER200Y1, GER300Y1
2. At least 0.5 additional F.C.E. in GER courses on the 300-level
3. The remainder of the four courses or equivalent must have a GER designator
4. No more than 0.5 F.C.E. may be taken in English

Business German Minor (Arts program)

Enrolment in this program requires the completion of 4.0 courses.

(4 full courses or their equivalent)

1. GER100Y1, GER200Y1, GER300Y1
2. GER370H1, GER372H1
3. The remainder of the four courses or equivalent must have a GER designator
4. No courses may be taken in English.

Al and Malka Green Yiddish Program Minor (Arts program)

Enrolment in this program requires the completion of 4.0 courses.

(4 full courses or their equivalent)

1. GER260Y1, GER360H1, GER462H1
2. The remaining courses should be taken from GER261H1, GER361H1, GER362H1, GER365H1; or GER100Y1, GER490H1/490Y1, ENG256Y1, HIS208Y1/HIS433H1, SLA202H1, DTS 200 and other pre-approved cognate courses

German Courses


First Year Seminars

The 199Y1 and 199H1 seminars are designed to provide the opportunity to work closely with an instructor in a class of no more than twenty-four students. These interactive seminars are intended to stimulate the students’ curiosity and provide an opportunity to get to know a member of the professorial staff in a seminar environment during the first year of study. Details here.


Note

Notes: (a) All students with previous knowledge of the German language, as well as students returning from extended stays in German-speaking countries, are REQUIRED to take a placement test offered at the Department. (b) The Department reserves the right to place students in the language course appropriate to their level of language skill. (c) More detailed course descriptions and reading lists for the various courses are available from the instructor.


GER100Y1    Introduction to German I[96P]

This is the language course to take if you have had no previous experience of the German language before. The emphasis is on comprehension, speaking, reading, writing, vocabulary and basic grammar. This course can be counted towards all programs in German.

Note: Students with any previous knowledge of German are REQUIRED to take a placement test offered at the department.

Exclusion: Senior high school German or equivalent. Note: Students with any previous knowledge of German are required to take a placement test offered at the department.
Distribution Requirement Status: This is a Humanities course
Breadth Requirement: Creative and Cultural Representations (1)

GER101H1    Introduction to German[48P]

This course is intended for students with some prior knowledge of German. It is equivalent to the Spring Term of GER100Y1. The emphasis is on comprehension, speaking, reading, writing, vocabulary and basic grammar.

Exclusion: Senior high school German or equivalent
Distribution Requirement Status: This is a Humanities course
Breadth Requirement: Creative and Cultural Representations (1)

GER150H1    Introduction to German Culture (E)[36S]

This course taught in English is intended for students who are unfamiliar with German culture. It examines historical, political and cultural developments in Germany from about 1871 to the present focusing on literary and non-literary texts.

 Note: This course is required for the major and specialist program, and can only be taken within the first two years. In later years it may be substituted with GER310H1.

Distribution Requirement Status: This is a Humanities course
Breadth Requirement: Creative and Cultural Representations (1)

GER200Y1    Introduction to German II[96P]

This course continues the work done in GER100Y1 / GER101H1. It further expands on basic grammar and vocabulary, practice in comprehension, composition, and conversation.

Prerequisite: GER100Y1/GER101H1 or German placement test, Senior high school German or equivalent
Distribution Requirement Status: This is a Humanities course
Breadth Requirement: Creative and Cultural Representations (1)

GER205H1    German Literature I[36S]

This course offers a transition from the language courses to the topic courses on the 300-level. It introduces students to German literature and provides them with working methods and analytical tools relevant for the study of German literary texts in the original German.

Note: This course is required for the major and specialist program

Prerequisite: GER100Y1
Corequisite: GER200Y1
Distribution Requirement Status: This is a Humanities course
Breadth Requirement: Creative and Cultural Representations (1)

GER220H1    German Literature in Translation (E) (formerly GER204H1)[36S]

This course taught in English offers a survey of German literature focusing on key works or introducing a relevant main topic. It is suited for students with little or no prior knowledge of German literature and culture.

Exclusion: GER204H1
Distribution Requirement Status: This is a Humanities course
Breadth Requirement: Creative and Cultural Representations (1)

GER240H1    German Drama in Translation (E) (formerly GER232H1)[36S]

This course taught in English offers a general survey of German drama from the period of Bourgeois Realism in the middle of the 19th century to the contemporary scene based on representative plays from the German speaking countries. Cross-listed with the Drama Department.

Exclusion: GER232H1
Distribution Requirement Status: This is a Humanities course
Breadth Requirement: Creative and Cultural Representations (1)

GER250H1    Topics in German Film History (E)[24P/24S]

Focusing on a specific era of film production (e.g.Weimar cinema, Nazi era and postwar, feminist filmmaking, New German Cinema or Postwall), this course explores the relationship between social movements and film form and style. Taught in English. Cross-listed with the Cinema Studies Program Innis College.

Exclusion: GER351H1
Distribution Requirement Status: This is a Humanities course
Breadth Requirement: Creative and Cultural Representations (1)

GER260Y1    Elementary Yiddish[72P]

This course introduces Yiddish language, literature, music, theater, and cinema through interactive multi-media seminars, designed to build proficiency in reading, writing and comprehending. No prior knowledge of Yiddish is required.

Distribution Requirement Status: This is a Humanities course
Breadth Requirement: Creative and Cultural Representations (1)

GER261H1    History of Yiddish Cinema (E) (formerly GER364H1)[24P/24S]

This course traces the history of Yiddish cinema from its beginnings in 1911 to the end of the twentieth century. There will be 2 hours viewing time and 2 hours lectures per week. Cross-listed with the Cinema Studies Program Innis College.

Exclusion: GER364H1
Distribution Requirement Status: This is a Humanities course
Breadth Requirement: Creative and Cultural Representations (1)

GER299Y1    Research Opportunity Program

This is a credit course for supervised participation in faculty research project. Details here.

Distribution Requirement Status: This is a Humanities course
Breadth Requirement: None

GER300Y1    Intermediate German[96P]

Continuing the work done in GER100Y1 and GER200Y1, this course offers German at the intermediate level focusing on extension of vocabulary, specific problems of grammar, essay-writing, reading and conversation. The Department reserves the right to place students in the appropriate course in the series GER200Y1 and 300Y1.

 

Prerequisite: GER200Y1 or German placement test
Distribution Requirement Status: This is a Humanities course
Breadth Requirement: Creative and Cultural Representations (1)

GER305H1    German Literature II[24S]

Building on the work of GER205H1, this course offers a survey of German literature and culture from the eighteenth to the twentieth century. Within a chronological framework, students read and analyze excerpts from representative works of major German writers.

 Note: This course is required for the major and specialist program, and should be taken concurrently with GER300Y1

Prerequisite: GER205H1
Distribution Requirement Status: This is a Humanities course
Breadth Requirement: Creative and Cultural Representations (1)

GER310H1    Contemporary German Culture and Media[36S]

This course focuses on contemporary German culture as expressed through a variety of media. It approaches Germany and Germanys position within Europe and the world mainly (but not exclusively) through non-literary texts.

Note: This course may count as a substitute course for the required GER150H1; please inquire in advance.

Prerequisite: GER200Y1
Distribution Requirement Status: This is a Humanities course
Breadth Requirement: Creative and Cultural Representations (1)

GER320H1    The Age of Goethe (formerly GER420H1)[24S]

Goethe and his contemporaries saw themselves faced with a rapidly changing world. This course examines the innovative literary experiments they developed in response to these changing times.

Prerequisite: GER205H1
Exclusion: GER420H1
Distribution Requirement Status: This is a Humanities course
Breadth Requirement: Creative and Cultural Representations (1)

GER321H1    19th Century German Literature (formerly GER325H1)[24S]

This course focuses on German authors of the nineteenth century. Literary, political and philosophical texts are analyzed as a discussion of political uprisings, the industrial revolution and the emergence of German nationalism.

Prerequisite: GER205H1
Exclusion: GER325H1
Distribution Requirement Status: This is a Humanities course
Breadth Requirement: Creative and Cultural Representations (1)

GER322H1    Kafka in Context (formerly GER331H1)[24S]

Franz Kafkas texts are read in the literary, historical, and philosophical context of fin-de-sicle Prague and central Europe.

Prerequisite: GER205H1
Exclusion: GER331H1
Distribution Requirement Status: This is a Humanities course
Breadth Requirement: Creative and Cultural Representations (1)

GER323H1    Weimar Culture and Beyond (formerly GER334H1)[24S]

This course focusing roughly on the period from 1918 to 1945 examines literary and artistic movements like Dada, Bauhaus, the Golden Age in German film in the decades between World War I and Nazism.

Prerequisite: GER205H1
Exclusion: GER334H1
Distribution Requirement Status: This is a Humanities course
Breadth Requirement: Creative and Cultural Representations (1)

GER326H1    Writing Memory: Post 1945 (formerly GER335H1)[24S]

An examination of post-World War II German literature and culture from Zero Hour through to present-day debates about the Holocaust and its memorialization within a German context.

Prerequisite: GER205H1
Exclusion: GER335H1
Distribution Requirement Status: This is a Humanities course
Breadth Requirement: Creative and Cultural Representations (1)

GER330H1    Introduction to German Poetry (formerly GER424H1)[24S]

This course offers an introduction and exploration of German poetry from all ages. The focus lies on poems which pick as a central topic the self in its relation to itself, others, and society.

Prerequisite: GER205H1
Exclusion: GER424H1
Distribution Requirement Status: This is a Humanities course
Breadth Requirement: Creative and Cultural Representations (1)

GER332H1    Deviance - Madness - Outsiders (formerly GER327H1)[24S]

An analysis of the artistic confrontation with deviance, madness, and outsiders. The course covers expressions of this confrontation in a variety of genres.

Prerequisite: GER205H1
Exclusion: GER327H1
Distribution Requirement Status: This is a Humanities course
Breadth Requirement: Creative and Cultural Representations (1)

GER336H1    Focus On Berlin (formerly GER422H1)[24S]

This course offers an exploration of the cultural developments of one of the most exciting capitals of the world, from the Bismarckian era to German reunification and beyond.

Prerequisite: GER205H1
Exclusion: GER422H1
Distribution Requirement Status: This is a Humanities course
Breadth Requirement: Creative and Cultural Representations (1)

GER340H1    German Theater Production (formerly GER380H1)[48S]

The course offers close reading, rehearsing and staging of a play. Students will become familiar with the different steps of a theater production, be introduced to basic acting and staging techniques and get acquainted to leading theories of theater.

Prerequisite: GER200Y1
Exclusion: GER380H1
Distribution Requirement Status: This is a Humanities course
Breadth Requirement: Creative and Cultural Representations (1)

GER350H1    German Visual Cultures (formerly GER351H1)[24P/24S]

This course presents students with a survey of the history and development of the German cinema. It examines major trends of German cinematography focusing on thematic and formal aspects.

Prerequisite: GER205H1
Exclusion: GER351H1
Distribution Requirement Status: This is a Humanities course
Breadth Requirement: Creative and Cultural Representations (1)

GER354Y0    Special Topics Summer Course in Berlin (E)

The topics of this course taught in English and open to students from other disciplines vary from year to year. Interested students can address questions to Woodsworth College.

Recommended Preparation: 100-level HIS/POL/GER course/International or European Studies
Distribution Requirement Status: This is a Humanities or Social Science course
Breadth Requirement: Creative and Cultural Representations (1)

GER355Y0    Summer Course in Berlin

Students who wish to petition the department for credit toward a specialist or major program in German will be required to do part of their work in German.

Distribution Requirement Status: This is a Humanities course
Breadth Requirement: Creative and Cultural Representations (1)

GER360H1    Intermediate Yiddish[36P]

The course conducted in Yiddish offers a review of basic grammar, stylistics, study of short literary texts.

Prerequisite: GER260Y1
Exclusion: GER360Y1
Distribution Requirement Status: This is a Humanities course
Breadth Requirement: Creative and Cultural Representations (1)

GER361H1    Yiddish Literature in Translation (E)[24S]

An overview of the major figures and tendencies in modern Yiddish literature and culture from the beginning of the 19th century to the present. Readings (in English) of modern Yiddish prose, poetry, drama and cinema.

Distribution Requirement Status: This is a Humanities course
Breadth Requirement: Creative and Cultural Representations (1)

GER362H1    Jewish Culture in the Soviet Union (E)[24S]

The course focuses on Soviet Jewish culture between 1917 and 1991. Works in translation by Soviet Yiddish writers and poets, performances of central Yiddish theatres, and publications in central Yiddish periodicals will be analyzed as expressions of Soviet ideology and of ethnic identity.

Recommended Preparation: HIS208Y1, HIS242H1, HIS250Y1
Distribution Requirement Status: This is a Humanities course
Breadth Requirement: Creative and Cultural Representations (1)

GER365H1    Yiddish & German Story-Telling Before 1700 (E)[24P]

The course examines the pre-modern cultural contacts (and conflicts) between Jews and Germans by analyzing important Yiddish and German narrative traditions from the 12th-17th centuries.

Distribution Requirement Status: This is a Humanities course
Breadth Requirement: Creative and Cultural Representations (1)

NEWGER367H1 Topics in Yiddish or German Jewish Literature and Culture [24S]

Topics in modern Yiddish or German Jewish literature and culture from the beginning of the 19th century to the present, featuring a selection of readings of modern Yiddish prose, poetry, drama and cinema. Taught in English and open to students across disciplines.

Prerequisite: Completion of a minimum of 4.0 FCEs
Distribution Requirement Status: This is a Humanities course
Breadth Requirement: Creative and Cultural Representations (1)

GER370H1    Business German I[36P]

The course offers an in introduction to the use of German in the professional/business context and has been designed to provide students with practical experience applying to jobs in German-speaking countries. The emphasis lies on oral and written communication.

 Note: This course is required for the minor program in Business German

Prerequisite: GER200Y1
Distribution Requirement Status: This is a Humanities course
Breadth Requirement: Creative and Cultural Representations (1)

GER371H0    Berlin Summer Internship

An intensive internship in Berlin, focusing on work/study and intercultural learning.

Distribution Requirement Status: This is a Humanities course
Breadth Requirement: None

GER372H1    Business German II (formerly GER470H1)[36P]

Intensive development of the linguistic skills needed in the context of a German business environment.

Prerequisite: GER370H1
Exclusion: GER470H1
Distribution Requirement Status: This is a Humanities course
Breadth Requirement: Creative and Cultural Representations (1)

GER398H0    Independent Experiential Study Project

An instructor-supervised group project in an off-campus setting. Details here.

Distribution Requirement Status: This is a Humanities course
Breadth Requirement: None

GER399Y0    Independent Experiential Study Project

An instructor-supervised group project in an off-campus setting. Details here.

Distribution Requirement Status: This is a Humanities course
Breadth Requirement: None

GER400H1    Advanced German[48P]

This is a course for advanced learners of German reviewing complex features of the language and introducing to aspects of German stylistics. The emphasis lies on oral and written communication.

Prerequisite: GER300Y1
Exclusion: GER400Y1
Distribution Requirement Status: This is a Humanities course
Breadth Requirement: Creative and Cultural Representations (1)

GER410H1    Topics in German Intellectual History (E)[24S]

This course taught in English offers an examination of key moments and themes in German intellectual history from the Enlightenment to the present.

Prerequisite: Advanced status
Distribution Requirement Status: This is a Humanities course
Breadth Requirement: Thought, Belief and Behaviour (2)

GER411H1    Critical Theory[24S]

The course familiarizes students with some of the key issues in critical theory today. Focusing on current debates, it will provide the background to these debates.

Prerequisite: Advanced status
Distribution Requirement Status: This is a Humanities course
Breadth Requirement: Thought, Belief and Behaviour (2)

GER421H1    Gender and Identity[24S]

With the representation of gender as its focus, this course will examine key works of modern German literature, where typical themes range from love, lust and treachery to masochism, cross-dressing and other forms of gender trouble.

Prerequisite: GER305H1
Distribution Requirement Status: This is a Humanities course
Breadth Requirement: Creative and Cultural Representations (1)

GER423H1    Transnational Literatures[24S]

This course investigates contemporary German culture by paying attention to its other or alternate voices and perspectives, i.e. those not usually prevalent in mainstream cultural and sociopolitical discourses.

Prerequisite: GER305H1
Distribution Requirement Status: This is a Humanities course
Breadth Requirement: Creative and Cultural Representations (1)

GER425H1    Dreams-Desires-Delusions (formerly GER324H1)[24S]

This course introduces to the literature and some philosophical tenets of Romanticism (roughly 1798-1830) as an occasionally thorough and challenging critique of Enlightenment, modern science, and modernity.

Prerequisite: GER305H1
Exclusion: GER324H1
Distribution Requirement Status: This is a Humanities course
Breadth Requirement: Creative and Cultural Representations (1)

GER426H1    Medieval Language and Culture[36S]

This course offers an introduction to the language, literature and culture of Medieval Germany. The reading and translation of exemplary medieval German texts will introduce to Middle High German and provide an insight into epochal concepts like courtly love and chivalry as well as courtly and monastic designs of identity.

Prerequisite: GER300Y1, GER205H1
Distribution Requirement Status: This is a Humanities course
Breadth Requirement: Creative and Cultural Representations (1)

GER429H1    Topics in Medieval German Literature (E)[24S]

An open course which explores specific topics in Medieval literature and culture. It serves to introduce to seminal premodern texts and discourses.

Distribution Requirement Status: This is a Humanities course
Breadth Requirement: Creative and Cultural Representations (1)

GER430H1    Topics in German Literature and Culture[24S]

An open course which explores specific aspects of German literature and culture.

Prerequisite: GER305H1
Distribution Requirement Status: This is a Humanities course
Breadth Requirement: Creative and Cultural Representations (1)

GER462H1    Advanced Yiddish[24P]

This course conducted entirely in Yiddish focuses on advanced reading, writing, vocabulary and conversation, the study of poetry, short fiction, and memoir literature by leading authors. Selected advanced grammatical topics are presented in conjunction with the study of texts.

Prerequisite: GER360H1
Distribution Requirement Status: This is a Humanities course
Breadth Requirement: Creative and Cultural Representations (1)

GER490H1    Independent Study[24S]

A reading & research project in Germanic literature and/or culture involving a substantive research component.

Prerequisite: Advanced status and permission of department. Note: permission needs to be obtained by May 1st for the Fall Term and by Nov. 1st for the Spring Term
Distribution Requirement Status: This is a Humanities course
Breadth Requirement: None

GER491Y1    Individual Studies[48S]

A scholarly project chosen by the student and supervised by a member of the staff. The form of the project and the manner of its execution are determined in consultation with the supervisor.

Prerequisite: Prerequisite: Advanced status and permission of department. Note: project proposals need to be submitted by June 1st
Distribution Requirement Status: This is a Humanities course
Breadth Requirement: None