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Applied Mathematics CoursesFor Distribution Requirement purposes, all APM courses are classified as Science courses. Mathematics CoursesFor Distribution Requirement purposes, alll MAT courses except MAT 123H1, 124H1 and 133Y1 are classified as SCIENCE courses. |
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APM236H1 Introduction to linear programming including a rapid review of linear algebra (row reduction, linear independence), the simplex method, the duality theorem, complementary slackness, and the dual simplex method. A selection of the following topics are covered: the revised simplex method, sensitivity analysis, integer programming, the transportation algorithm. APM346H1 Sturm-Liouville problems, Green’s functions, special functions (Bessel, Legendre), partial differential equations of second order, separation of variables, integral equations, Fourier transform, stationary phase method. APM351Y1 Diffusion and wave equations. Separation of variables. Fourier series. Laplace’s equation; Green’s function. Schrödinger equations. Boundary problems in plane and space. General eigenvalue problems; minimum principle for eigenvalues. Distributions and Fourier transforms. Laplace transforms. Differential equations of physics (electromagnetism, fluids, acoustic waves, scattering). Introduction to nonlinear equations (shock waves, solitary waves).
Note: APM421H1 The general formulation of non-relativistic quantum mechanics based on the theory of linear operators in a Hilbert space, self-adjoint operators, spectral measures and the statistical interpretation of quantum mechanics; functions of compatible observables. Schrödinger and Heisenberg pictures, complete sets of observables, representations of the canonical commutative relations; essential self-adjointedness of Schrödinger operators, density operators, elements of scattering theory. APM426H1 Einstein’s theory of gravity. Special relativity and the geometry of Lorentz manifolds. Gravity as a manisfestation of spacetime curvature. Einstein’s equations. Cosmological implications: big bang and inflationary universe. Schwarzschild stars: bending of light and perihelion precession of Mercury. Topics from black hole dynamics and gravity waves. APM436H1 Boltzmann, Euler and Navier-Stokes equations. Viscous and non-viscous flow. Vorticity. Exact solutions. Boundary layers. Wave propagation. Analysis of one dimensional gas flow. APM441H1 Asymptotic series. Asymptotic methods for integrals: stationary phase and steepest descent. Regular perturbations for algebraic and differential equations. Singular perturbation methods for ordinary differential equations: W.K.B., strained co-ordinates, matched asymptotics, multiple scales. (Emphasizes techniques; problems drawn from physics and engineering) APM446H1 Nonlinear partial differential equations and their physical origin. Fourier transform; Green’s function; variational methods; symmetries and conservation laws. Special solutions (steady states, solitary waves, travelling waves, self-similar solutions). Calculus of maps; bifurcations; stability, dynamics near equilibrium. Propogation of nonlinear waves; dispersion, modulation, optical bistability. Global behaviour solutions; asymptotics and blow-up. APM456H1 Differential systems with controls and reachable sets. Non-commutativity, Lie bracket and controllability. Optimality and maximum principle. Hamiltonian formalism and symplectic geometry. Integrability. Applications to engineering, mechanics and geometry. APM461H1 A selection of topics from such areas as graph theory, combinatorial algorithms, enumeration, construction of combinatorial identities. APM462H1 An introduction to first and second order conditions for finite and infinite dimensional optimization problems with mention of available software. Topics include Lagrange multipliers, Kuhn-Tucker conditions, convexity and calculus variations. Basic numerical search methods and software packages which implement them will be discussed. APM466H1 Introduction to the basic mathematical techniques in pricing theory and risk management: Stochastic calculus, single-period finance, financial derivatives (tree-approximation and Black-Scholes model for equity derivatives, American derivatives, numerical methods, lattice models for interest-rate derivatives), value at risk, credit risk, portfolio theory. APM496H1/497H1/498Y1/499Y1 Independent study under the direction of a faculty member. Topic must be outside undergraduate offerings. Mathematics CoursesFor Distribution Requirement purposes, alll MAT courses except MAT 123H1, 124H1 and 133Y1 are classified as SCIENCE courses.
SCI199H1/Y1 Undergraduate seminar that focuses on specific ideas, questions, phenomena or controversies, taught by a regular Faculty member deeply engaged in the discipline. Open only to newly admitted first year students. It may serve as a breadth requirement course; see page 45. MAT123H1,124H1 See below MAT133Y1 MAT125H1,126H1 See below MAT135Y1 MAT133Y1 Mathematics of finance. Matrices and linear equations. Review of differential calculus; applications. Integration and fundamental theorem; applications. Introduction to partial differentiation; applications.
First term of MAT133Y1.
Students in academic difficulty in MAT133Y1 who have written two midterm examinations with a mark of at least 20% in the
second may withdraw from MAT133Y1 and enrol in MAT123H1 in the Spring Term. These students are informed of this option by the beginning
of the Spring Term. Classes begin in the second week of the Spring Term;
late enrolment is not permitted. Students not enrolled in MAT133Y1 in the Fall Term are not allowed to enrol in MAT123H1. MAT123H1 together with MAT124H1 is equivalent for program and Prerequisite purposes to MAT133Y1. MAT124H1 Second Term content of MAT133Y1; the final examination includes topics covered in MAT123H1. Offered in the Summer Session only; students not enrolled in MAT123H1 in the preceding Spring Term will NOT be allowed to enrol in MAT124H1. MAT123H1 together with MAT124H1 is equivalent for program and Prerequisite purposes to MAT133Y1. MAT135Y1 Review of trigonometric functions; trigonometric identities and trigonometric limits. Review of differential calculus; applications. Integration and fundamental theorem; applications. Series. Introduction to differential equations. First term of MAT135Y1.
Students in academic difficulty in MAT135Y1 who have written two midterm examinations with a mark of at least 20% in the
second may withdraw from MAT135Y1 and enrol in MAT125H1 in the Spring Term. These students are informed of this option by the beginning
of the Spring Term. Classes begin in the second week of the Spring Term;
late enrolment is not permitted. Students not enrolled in MAT135Y1 in the Fall Term will not be allowed to enrol in MAT125H1. MAT125H1 together with MAT126H1 is equivalent for program and Prerequisite purposes to MAT135Y1. MAT126H1 Second Term content of MAT135Y1; the final examination includes topics covered in MAT125H1. Offered in the Summer Session only; students not enrolled in MAT125H1 in the preceding Spring Term will NOT be allowed to enrol in MAT126H1. MAT125H1 together with MAT126H1 is equivalent for program and Prerequisite purposes to MAT135Y1. MAT136Y1 Limited to out-of-province students interested in the biological, physical, or computer sciences, whose high school mathematics preparation is strong but does not include calculus. Develops the concepts of calculus at the level of MAT135Y1. May include background material on functions, analytic geometry, and trigonometry, as well as on calculus. MAT137Y1 A conceptual approach for students with a serious interest in mathematics. Geometric and physical intuition are emphasized but some attention is also given to the theoretical foundations of calculus. Material covers first a review of trigonometric functions followed by discussion of trigonometric identities. The basic concepts of calculus: limits and continuity, the mean value and inverse function theorems, the integral, the fundamental theorem, elementary transcendental functions, Taylor’s theorem, sequence and series, uniform convergence and power series. MAT157Y1 A theoretical course in calculus; emphasizing proofs and techniques, as well as geometric and physical understanding. Trigonometric identities. Limits and continuity; least upper bounds, intermediate and extreme value theorems. Derivatives, mean value and inverse function theorems. Integrals; fundamental theorem; elementary transcendental functions. Taylor’s theorem; sequences and series; uniform convergence and power series. JMB170Y1 Applications of mathematics to biological problems in physiology, biomechanics, genetics, evolution, growth, population dynamics, cell biology, ecology and behaviour. JUM202H1 A study of the interaction of mathematics with other fields of inquiry: how mathematics influences, and is influenced by, the evolution of science and culture. Art, music, and literature, as well as the more traditionally related areas of the natural and social sciences may be considered. (Offered every three years) JUM203H1 A study of games, puzzles and problems focusing on the deeper principles they illustrate. Concentration is on problems arising out of number theory and geometry, with emphasis on the process of mathematical reasoning. Technical requirements are kept to a minimum. A foundation is provided for a continuing lay interest in mathematics. (Offered every three years) JUM205H1 An in-depth study of the life, times and work of several mathematicians who have been particularly influential. Examples may include Newton, Euler, Gauss, Kowalewski, Hilbert, Hardy, Ramanujan, Gödel, Erdös, Coxeter, Grothendieck. (Offered every three years) MAT223H1 Matrix arithmetic and linear systems. Rn: subspaces, linear independence, bases, dimension; column spaces, null spaces, rank and dimension formula. Orthogonality orthonormal sets, Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization process; least square approximation. Linear transformations Rn—>Rm. The determinant, classical adjoint, Cramer’s Rule. Eigenvalues, eigenvectors, eigenspaces, diagonalization. Function spaces and application to a system of linear differential equations. MAT224H1 Abstract vector spaces: subspaces, dimension theory. Linear mappings: kernel, image, dimension theorem, isomorphisms, matrix of linear transformation. Changes of basis, invariant spaces, direct sums, cyclic subspaces, Cayley-Hamilton theorem. Inner product spaces, orthogonal transformations, orthogonal diagonalization, quadratic forms, positive definite matrices. Complex operators: Hermitian, unitary and normal. Spectral theorem. Isometries of R2 and R3. MAT235Y1 Differential and integral calculus of functions of several variables. Line and surface integrals, the divergence theorem, Stokes’ theorem. Sequences and series, including an introduction to Fourier series. Some partial differential equations of Physics. MAT237Y1 Sequences and series. Uniform convergence. Convergence of integrals. Elements of topology in R2 and R3. Differential and integral calculus of vector valued functions of a vector variable, with emphasis on vectors in two and three dimensional euclidean space. Extremal problems, Lagrange multipliers, line and surface integrals, vector analysis, Stokes’ theorem, Fourier series, calculus of variations. MAT240H1 A theoretical approach to: vector spaces over arbitrary fields including C,Zp. Subspaces, bases and dimension. Linear transformations, matrices, change of basis, similarity, determinants. Polynomials over a field (including unique factorization, resultants). Eigenvalues, eigenvectors, characteristic polynomial, diagonalization. Minimal polynomial, Cayley-Hamilton theorem. MAT244H1 Ordinary differential equations of the first and second order, existence and uniqueness; solutions by series and integrals; linear systems of first order; non-linear equations; difference equations. MAT246H1 Designed to introduce students to mathematical proofs and abstract mathematical concepts. Topics may include modular arithmetic, sizes of infinite sets, and a proof that some angles cannot be trisected with straightedge and compass. MAT247H1 A theoretical approach to real and complex inner product spaces, isometries, orthogonal and unitary matrices and transformations. The adjoint. Hermitian and symmetric transformations. Spectral theorem for symmetric and normal transformations. Polar representation theorem. Primary decomposition theorem. Rational and Jordan canonical forms. Additional topics including dual spaces, quotient spaces, bilinear forms, quadratic surfaces, multilinear algebra. Examples of symmetry groups and linear groups, stochastic matrices, matrix functions. MAT257Y1 Topology of Rn; compactness, functions and continuity, extreme value theorem. Derivatives; inverse and implicit function theorems, maxima and minima, Lagrange multipliers. Integrals; Fubini’s theorem, partitions of unity, change of variables. Differential forms. Manifolds in Rn; integration on manifolds; Stokes’ theorem for differential forms and classical versions. MAT267H1 First-order equations. Linear equations and first-order systems. Non-linear first-order systems. Existence and uniqueness theorems for the Cauchy problem. Method of power series. Elementary qualitative theory; stability, phase plane, stationary points. Examples of applications in mechanics, physics, chemistry, biology and economics. MAT299Y1 Credit course for supervised participation in faculty research project. See page 45 for details. 300-Series Courses MAT301H1 Congruences and fields. Permutations and permutation groups. Linear groups. Abstract groups, homomorphisms, subgroups. Symmetry groups of regular polygons and Platonic solids, wallpaper groups. Group actions, class formula. Cosets, Lagrange’s theorem. Normal subgroups, quotient groups. Classification of finitely generated abelian groups. Emphasis on examples and calculations. MAT309H1 Predicate calculus. Relationship between truth and provability; Gödel’s completeness theorem. First order arithmetic as an example of a first-order system. Gödel’s incompleteness theorem; outline of its proof. Introduction to recursive functions. MAT315H1 Elementary topics in number theory: arithmetic functions; polynomials over the residue classes modulo m, characters on the residue classes modulo m; quadratic reciprocity law, representation of numbers as sums of squares. MAT327H1 Metric spaces, topological spaces and continuous mappings; separation, compactness, connectedness. Topology of function spaces. Fundamental group and covering spaces. Cell complexes, topological and smooth manifolds, Brouwer fixed-point theorem. MAT329Y1 The formation of mathematical concepts and techniques, and their application to the everyday world. Nature of mathematics and mathematical understanding. Role of observation, conjecture, analysis, structure, critical thinking and logical argument. Numeration, arithmetic, geometry, counting techniques, recursion, algorithms. This course is specifically addressed to students intending to become elementary school teachers and is strongly recommended by the Faculty of Education. Previous experience working with children is useful. The course content is considered in the context of elementary school teaching. In particular, the course may include a practicum in school classrooms. The course has an enrolment limit of 40, and students are required to ballot. MAT334H1 Theory of functions of one complex variable, analytic and meromorphic functions. Cauchy’s theorem, residue calculus, conformal mappings, introduction to analytic continuation and harmonic functions. MAT335H1 An elementary introduction to a modern and fast-developing area of mathematics. One-dimensional dynamics: iterations of quadratic polynomials. Dynamics of linear mappings, attractors. Bifurcation, Henon map, Mandelbrot and Julia sets. History and applications. MAT337H1 Metric spaces; compactness and connectedness. Sequences and series of functions, power series; modes of convergence. Interchange of limiting processes; differentiation of integrals. Function spaces; Weierstrass approximation; Fourier series. Contraction mappings; existence and uniqueness of solutions of ordinary differential equations. Countability; Cantor set; Hausdorff dimension. MAT344H1 Basic counting principles, generating functions, permutations with restrictions. Fundamentals of graph theory with algorithms; applications (including network flows). Combinatorial structures including block designs and finite geometries. MAT347Y1 Groups, subgroups, quotient groups, Sylow theorems, Jordan-Hölder theorem, finitely generated abelian groups, solvable groups. Rings, ideals, Chinese remainder theorem; Euclidean domains and principal ideal domains: unique factorization. Noetherian rings, Hilbert basis theorem. Finitely generated modules. Field extensions, algebraic closure, straight-edge and compass constructions. Galois theory, including insolvability of the quintic. MAT354H1 Complex numbers, the complex plane and Riemann sphere, Mobius transformations, elementary functions and their mapping properties, conformal mapping, holomorphic functions, Cauchy’s theorem and integral formula. Taylor and Laurent series, maximum modulus principle, Schwarz’s lemma, residue theorem and residue calculus. MAT357H1 Function spaces; Arzela-Ascoli theorem, Weierstrass approximation theorem, Fourier series. Introduction to Banach and Hilbert spaces; contraction mapping principle, fundamental existence and uniqueness theorem for ordinary differential equations. Lebesgue integral; convergence theorems, comparison with Riemann integral, Lp spaces. Applications to probability. MAT363H1 Geometry of curves and surfaces in 3-spaces. Curvature and geodesics. Minimal surfaces. Gauss-Bonnet theorem for surfaces. Surfaces of constant curvature. MAT390H1 A survey of ancient, medieval, and early modern mathematics with emphasis on historical issues. (Offered in alternate years) MAT391H1 A survey of the development of mathematics from 1700 to the present with emphasis on technical development. (Offered in alternate years) MAT393Y1/394Y1 Independent study under the direction of a faculty member. Topic must be outside undergraduate offerings. MAT395H1/396H1/397H1 Independent study under the direction of a faculty member. Topic must be outside undergraduate offerings. MAT398H0/399Y0 An instructor-supervised group project in an off-campus setting. See page 45 for details. 400-Series Courses Note MAT401H1 Commutative rings; quotient rings. Construction of the rationals. Polynomial algebra. Fields and Galois theory: Field extensions, adjunction of roots of a polynomial. Constructibility, trisection of angles, construction of regular polygons. Galois groups of polynomials, in particular cubics, quartics. Insolvability of quintics by radicals. MAT402H1 Euclidean and non-euclidean plane and space geometries. Real and complex projective space. Models of the hyperbolic plane. Connections with the geometry of surfaces. MAT409H1 Set theory and its relations with other branches of mathematics. ZFC axioms. Ordinal and cardinal numbers. Reflection principle. Constructible sets and the continuum hypothesis. Introduction to independence proofs. Topics from large cardinals, infinitary combinatorics and descriptive set theory. MAT415H1 A selection from the following: finite fields; global and local fields; valuation theory; ideals and divisors; differents and discriminants; ramification and inertia; class numbers and units; cyclotomic fields; diophantine equations. MAT417H1 A selection from the following: distribution of primes, especially in arithmetic progressions and short intervals; exponential sums; Hardy-Littlewood and dispersion methods; character sums and L-functions; the Riemann zeta-function; sieve methods, large and small; diophantine approximation, modular forms. MAT425H1 Smooth manifolds, Sard’s theorem and transversality. Morse theory. Immersion and embedding theorems. Intersection theory. Borsuk-Ulam theorem. Vector fields and Euler characteristic. Hopf degree theorem. Additional topics may vary. MAT427H1 Introduction to homology theory: singular and simplicial homology; homotopy invariance, long exact sequence, excision, Mayer-Vietoris sequence; applications. Homology of CW complexes; Euler characteristic; examples. Singular cohomology; products; cohomology ring. Topological manifolds; orientation; Poincare duality. MAT443H1 Introduction to algebraic algorithms used in computer science and computational mathematics. Topics may include: generating sequences of random numbers, fast arithmetic, Euclidean algorithm, factorization of integers and polynomials, primality tests, computation of Galois groups, Gröbner bases. Symbolic manipulators such as Maple and Mathematica are used. MAT445H1 A selection of topics from: Representation theory of finite groups, topological groups and compact groups. Group algebras. Character theory and orthogonality relations. Weyl’s character formula for compact semisimple Lie groups. Induced representations. Structure theory and representations of semisimple Lie algebras. Determination of the complex Lie algebras. MAT448H1 Basic notions of algebraic geometry, with emphasis on commutative algebra or geometry according to the interests of the instructor. Algebraic topics: localization, integral dependence and Hilbert’s Nullstellensatz, valuation theory, power series rings and completion, dimension theory. Geometric topics: affine and projective varieties, dimension and intersection theory, curves and surfaces, varieties over the complex numbers. MAT449H1 Projective geometry. Curves and Riemann surfaces. Algebraic methods. Intersection of curves; linear systems; Bezout’s theorem. Cubics and elliptic curves. Riemann-Roch theorem. Newton polygon and Puiseux expansion; resolution of singularities. MAT454H1 Harmonic functions, Harnack’s principle, Poisson’s integral formula and Dirichlet’s problem. Infinite products and the gamma function. Normal families and the Riemann mapping theorem. Analytic continuation, monodromy theorem and elementary Riemann surfaces. Elliptic functions, the modular function and the little Picard theorem. MAT457Y1 Measure theory and Lebesgue integration; convergence theorems. Riesz representation theorem, Fubini’s theorem, complex measures. Banach spaces; Lp spaces, density of continuous functions. Hilbert spaces; weak and strong topologies; self-adjoint, compact and projection operators. Hahn-Banach theorem, open mapping and closed graph theorems. Inequalities. Schwartz space; introduction to distributions; Fourier transforms on Rn (Schwartz space and L2). Spectral theorem for bounded normal operators. MAT464H1 Riemannian metrics and connections. Geodesics. Exponential map. Complete manifolds. Hopf-Rinow theorem. Riemannian curvature. Ricci and scalar curvature. Tensors. Spaces of constant curvature. Isometric immersions. Second fundamental form. Topics from: Cut and conjugate loci. Variation energy. Cartan-Hadamard theorem. Vector bundles. MAT468H1 Sturm-Liouville problem and oscillation theorems for second-order linear equations. Qualitative theory; integral invariants, limit cycles. Dynamical systems; invariant measures; bifurcations, chaos. Elements of the calculus of variations. Hamiltonian systems. Analytic theory; singular points and series solution. Laplace transform. MAT477H1 Seminar in an advanced topic. Content will generally vary from year to year. (Student presentations will be required) MAT495H1/496H1/497H1/498Y1/499Y1 Independent study under the direction of a faculty member. Topic must be outside undergraduate offerings. |
Exclusions: