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GGR Geography Courses

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GGR100Y1
Introduction to Physical Geography 52L, 10T

Basic physical geography moulded around a simple systems approach. The atmospheric, biospheric and lithospheric systems and their interactions.
Exclusion: GGR110H, JGF150Y/JGG150Y
This is a Science course


GGR107Y1
Environment, Food and People 52L, 8T

Relations between population growth, agricultural development, urbanization and the natural environment. From the origins of agriculture to the present. From a few million to six billion people. The cost to the environment. The prospect of sustainability.
Exclusion: GGR101Y, 110Y
This is a Social Science course


GGR124Y1
Urbanization, Contemporary Cities and Urban Life 52L, 8T

Introduction to the urban process. From the origin of cities to global urbanization; urban systems; uneven growth and the functional specialization of cities; economic restructuring, migration, public policies. Dynamics of urban property markets, population and demography, job location, housing, mobility and neighbourhood change, social structure and spatial inequalities. Planning, politics and policy issues in Canadian cities.
This is a Social Science course


GGR201H1
Geomorphology 26L, 4P

An introduction to the principles of geomorphology; earth materials; major features of crustal morphology; landforming processes of water, wind, waves and ice; human impact on earth surface processes. One hour laboratory session approximately every other week; a local field trip.
Recommended preparation: GGR100Y/JGF150Y/JGG150Y
This is a Science course


GGR203H1
Introduction to Climatology 34L, 4T

Introduction to the large scale processes responsible for determining global and regional climate and atmospheric circulation patterns, as well as the small scale processes responsible for determining the microclimates of specific environments.
Recommended preparation: GGR100Y/JGF150Y/JGG150Y; MAT135Y/137Y; PHY110Y/138Y/140Y
This is a Science course


GGR205H1
Introduction to Soil Science 26L

Introduction to soil science dealing with the chemical, physical, and biological properties of soils; soil formation and development; the classification of soils, and the application of soil science to environmental, agricultural and forestry issues.
Prerequisite: OAC/Grade 13 Chemistry
Recommended Preparation: CHM137Y; GGR100Y/JGF150Y/JGG150Y
This is a Science course


GGR206H1
Introduction to Hydrology 30L, 4T

An introduction to the hydrologic cycle with emphasis on the terrestrial branch; precipitation, evaporation, runoff, flood prediction; ground water and snowmelt hydrology.
Recommended preparation: GGR100Y/JGF150Y/JGG150Y; MAT135Y
This is a Science course


GGR216H
Global Cities 26L

With films, fiction and critical theory, this course explores global cities from around the world by looking at their everyday life: the people of these cities; how they got to be there; what they do; and how their lives are being shaped by increasingly globalized political, economic and cultural forces.
This is a Social Science course


GGR220Y1
The Spatial Organization of Economic Activity 52L

This basic course in economic geography introduces the main concepts and models that apply to problems of rural land use, trade and spatial economic interaction, industrial location, and regional development.
This is a Social Science course


GGR233Y1
Environmental Management for Sustainable Development 52L, 10T

Addresses twin imperartives of the social and institutional underpinnings of sustainability and the need for environmental action. Focus on Canadian environmental and natural resoruce issues. Examiines social origins and implications of environmental change, along with the importance of specific material and dynamic properties of natural systems in discussions of sustainability.
Recommended preparation: GGR100Y/101Y/107Y/110Y
This is a Social Science course


GGR239H1
Global Political Geography 26L

Introduction to geopolitical theories. Emphasis on the development of the nation state, theories of land claims and the territorial manifestations of nationalism with contemporary examples from Europe, Central Asia and the Middle East. In-depth analysis of how spatial distribution of and competition for scarce resources (such as oil and water) affect the foreign policy of countries.
Recommended preparation: Introductory geography/political science course
This is a Social Science course


GGR240Y1
Historical Geography of the Americas 52L, 6T

An introduction to issues in the historical geography of the Americas emphasizing comparisons between North and South. The course begins with the pre-Columbian Americas and the impact of European imperial expansion. It explores the emergence of cultural realms and the development of regional economies and societies into the 20th century.
This is a Humanities course


GGR246H1
Geography of Canada 26L

An historical, topical, and regional introduction to the geography of Canada. Primary emphasis is on the resource base, regional differences and disparities, urbanization, industrialization, social and economic policy and population change.
This is a Social Science course


GGR249H1
Contemporary Latin America 26L

Conflict between the conservatism of long-established patterns of settlement and land use and the drive for economic development. Agricultural reform; colonization of the interior, emergence of industrial regions; growth of large cities. Case studies of the problems of regional development. Latin America in world trade. Trade relations with Canada. (Offered in alternate years)
This is a Social Science course


GGR252H1
Marketing Geography 26L

The problem of retail location. The spatial structure of consumer demand and retail facilities. Shopping centres and retail chains. Techniques for site selection and trade area evaluation, location strategies, retail planning.
Recommended preparation: GGR124Y/220Y
This is a Social Science course


GGR254H1
Geography USA 26L

After a brief historical overview, focuses on contemporary issues in American society: economy, politics, race, and class. Regional distinctions and disparities: Frostbelt, Snowbelt. Urban development: inner-city problems and suburbanization. U.S. as world power.
This is a Social Science course


GGR256H1
Recreation Geography 26L

Introduction to spatial organization and environmental impact of recreation. Prediction of demand, problems of over-use, ecological risks, conflicts of interests, planning perspectives, Canada’s tourist trade.
Prerequisite: GGR101Y/107Y/124Y
Recommended preparation: GGR270Y or equivalent (see listing below)
This is a Social Science course


GGR270Y1
Introductory Analytical Methods 78L, 26P

Theory and practical application of elementary quantitative techniques in geography emphasizing descriptive, inferential and spatial statistical analysis, probability, sampling, and spatial analysis.
Exclusion: ECO220Y; PSY201H, 202H; SOC300Y; STA(220H, 221H/JBS229H)/(250H, 255H/257Y)
Pre- or Co-requisite: Two courses in Geography
This is a Social Science course


GGR272H1
Geographic Information and Mapping I 26L, 10P

Introduction to database and GIS software. Acquisition and processing of locational, environmental, and socio-economic data. Spatial resolution and map scale. Raster and vector data structures. Map projections and geocoding.
Prerequisite: GGR100Y/101Y/107Y/110Y/124Y/JGF150Y/JGG150Y
This is a Social Science course


GGR273H1
Geographic Information and Mapping II 26L, 10P

Introduction to contouring and thematic mapping software. Interpolation and surface generation. Cartographic generalization. Use of symbols, patterns and colour.
Prerequisite: GGR100Y/101Y/107Y/110Y/124Y/JGF150Y/JGG150Y; GGR272H
This is a Social Science course


GGR299Y1
Research Opportunity Program

Credit course for supervised participation in faculty research project. See page 42 for details.


GGR302H1
Quaternary Paleoclimatic Reconstruction 26L, 2P

Emphasis on the role of glacial landforms and sediments on continents, and marine sediments in oceans, for reconstructing ice age climates. Exercises involve interpretation of landforms from maps and aerial photos and laboratory analyses of materials collected on local field trips. (Offered in alternate years)
Prerequisite: GGR201H/203H
This is a Science course


GGR305H1
Biogeography 26L

Introduction to the spatial and temporal patterns of plant and animal distribution. The first half focuses on contemporary environmental and biological controls. The second half examines past patterns and their causes.
Prerequisite: GGR100Y/BIO150Y/JGF150Y/JGG150Y
This is a Science course


GGR307H1
Environmental Soil and Water Chemistry 26L, 13P

An introduction to fundamental principles of soil and water chemistry with a limited number of environmental applications covered in labs/tutorials. Chemical equilibria in soil and water; redox equilibria in soil and water; surface chemistry; sorption and ion exchange; complexation; solute transport.
Prerequisite: GGR205H
Recommended preparation: CHM137Y
This is a Science course


GGR310H1
Cultural Biogeography 26L

The changing relationship between people and the biosphere from the emergence of hominids to the present. Environmental constraints on human evolution, hunter-gatherer societies and their environmental impacts, evolution of agriculture and consequences of increasing population and technology, including deliberate and inadvertent introductions of plants and animals and forest fragmentation. Effectiveness of contemporary approaches to conservation. (Offered in alternate years)
Prerequisite: ANT200Y/BOT430H/GGR305H
This is a Science course


GGR312H1
Physical Basis of Climate 30L, 4T

The large scale processes determining regional and global climate, including biogeochemical cycles, radiation, maintenance of general circulation, and sea ice and snow processes.
Prerequisite: GGR203H, MAT135Y/137Y
This is a Science course


GGR314H1
Global Warming 26L

A comprehensive examination of the greenhouse warming problem, beginning with economic, carbon cycle, and climate model projections; impacts on and adaptive responses of agriculture, forests, fisheries, and water resources; abatement options; technical and institutional issues.
This is a Social Science course


GGR323H1
Issues in Population Geography 26L

Explores issues in geographies of population at a variety of scales from global to local. Issues include demographic patterns and population change, fertility, families and cohorts, mortality, and migration and immigration. Will draw mainly on the Canadian and U.S. experience, but examples will also be drawn from other regions of the world.
Recommended preparation: GGR270Y
This is a Social Science course


GGR324H1
Transportation Geography and Planning 26L

An introductory overview of major issues in interurban and intraurban transportation at both local and national scales. Topics include causes of spatial interaction, graph theory and network analysis, gravity and entropy-maximizing models, urban transportation and land use, congestion, public transit and transport policy.
Prerequisite: GGR124Y/220Y
Recommended preparation: GGR270Y
This is a Social Science course


GGR326H1
Industrial Location: Theory, Applications, and Policy 26L

Examination of industrial location models, industrial behaviour, and the innovation process. Canadian trade and technological policy and the locational and policy implications of foreign-owned industry are discussed.
Prerequisite: GGR220Y
This is a Social Science course


GGR327H1
Social Research Methods 26L

Practical course on field methods designed to enable students to carry out their own research projects. Behavioural observation, interviewing, questionnaire design, attitude scaling, sampling theory, content analysis of written and graphic material, data coding and computer applications in surveys.
Prerequisite: GGR270Yor equivalent (see “GGR270Y” listing above)
This is a Social Science course


GGR331H1
Resource and Environmental Theory 26L

Environmental effects of resource industries and commodity trade, with special attention to the forest industry. Topics include: staple theory, the business cycle and the resource cycle; market solutions to environmental problems; resource scarcity; recycling and technological substitutions; global resource trade, footloose industry and pollution havens.
Prerequisite: GGR101Y/107Y/233Y
This is a Social Science course


GGR332H1
Urban Waste Management 26L

This course examines 1) factors affecting the spatial distribution of wastes; and 2) models and policy implications inherent in all aspects of waste management, from waste generation through recycling and waste disposal. Contrasting waste management practices in the developed and the developing world is a central theme.
Prerequisite: GGR233Y or a 200-level environmental course
This is a Social Science course


GGR333H1
Canadian Energy: Geography and Policy Issues 26L

Regional supply/demand patterns; conventional and alternative energy sources; production and delivery systems; end uses and efficiencies; energy forecasting; national and regional energy policies; policy options (“soft” vs. “hard” paths); energy analysis.
Prerequisite: GGR220Y/233Y
This is a Social Science course


GGR334H1
Water Resource Management 26L

Canadian water policies; estimation of supply and demand; inter-basin water transfers; alternative strategies for industrial and community water supply and waste water disposal; Great Lakes.
Prerequisite: GGR233Y
Recommended preparation: GGR100Y/101Y/107Y/110Y
This is a Social Science course


GGR336H1
Urban Historical Geography of North America 26L

Processes of urbanization; development of urban systems; changing internal patterns: central area, residential districts, housing, transportation, reform and planning movements. Emphasis on the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century.
Recommended preparation: GGR124Y/SOC205Y
This is a Humanities course


GGR337H5
Environmental Remote Sensing 26L, 26P

Monitoring environmental change; soil-water-plant system. Remotely sensed digital images. Computer-assisted interpretation, pre-processing and pattern recognition. Resource mapping and modelling. Usually offered at Erindale College.
Prerequisite: GGR272H/JGF150Y/JGG150Y
This is a Science course


GGR339H1
Urban Geography, Planning and Political Processes 26L

The interdependence of political processes and institutions, public policy and urban geography. The political economy of federalism, urban growth, planning and public services as they shape the urban landscape. The spaces of the city as the negotiated outcomes of variously empowered people and the meanings they ascribe to localities and places. Approaches informed by post-colonial, post-modern, and feminist perspectives. Canadian, U.S. and European comparisons.
Prerequisite: GGR124Y, 246H/254H
This is a Social Science course


GGR340H1
Regionalism in Canada 26L

Deals with the emergence of present day conflicting regionalisms in Canada through a study of the evolution of the provinces and of their urban systems from the 1850’s to the 1990’s. The geographic impact of successive central government policies: British mercantilism, Confederation’s National Policy, Equalization Policies of the welfare state, the National Energy Policy and NAFTA.
This is a Social Science course


GGR342H1
The Changing Geography of Southeast Asia 26L

Changes in the social, political and economic geography of Southeast Asian countries. Examples drawn from Thailand, Singapore, Indonesia, Vietnam and the Philippines as these emerging newly industrialized countries enter the 21st century. Emphasis on political-economy, urbanization and environment since 1950.
Recommended preparation: Two courses in Geography
This is a Social Science course


GGR343H1
The Changing Geography of China 26L

The evolving physical, social, political and economic landscape of China. Emphasis on development strategies, industry, agriculture, urbanization and the environment since 1949.
Recommended preparation: Two courses in Geography
This is a Social Science course


GGR344H1
Changing Geography of Russia and Ukraine 26L

Overview of the physical environment and historical geography; changes in population distribution during the Soviet period; current demographic and ethnic problems; the rural economy; urbanization, industrial location, and regional development issues.
Recommended preparation: Two courses in Geography
This is a Social Science course


GGR347H1
The Changing Geography of Japan 26L

Changes in social and economic geography with Japan’s emergence as a modern state. Emphasis on developments in industry, agriculture, urbanization and the environment since 1945.
Recommended preparation: Two courses in Geography
This is a Social Science course


GGR348H1
Geography of the Middle East 26L

Physical and human geography of the Middle East and North Africa. Resources, economic and political geographies of the region. Additional topics: regional distinctions and disparities, regional development, trade patterns, geography of petroleum resources, territorial and resource conflicts.
Recommended preparation: Two courses in Geography
This is a Social Science course


GGR357H1
Geography of Housing and Housing Policy 26L

An introduction to housing in context: as a commodity, a political process and social necessity. The analysis of housing markets in an urban and spatial context, emphasizing the allocation mechanism, residential location and tenure choice, the role of the state, social housing and the relationships of housing changes to mobility, neighbourhood transition, and social equity. Case studies of specific policy issues and alternative housing strategies.
Prerequisite: GGR124Y
This is a Social Science course


GGR361H1
Understanding the Urban Landscape 26L

Three related themes are discussed: the underlying social, cultural and economic forces that have given cities their form and image; various aesthetic and political philosophies that have been put into practice in constructing the urban landscape; and recent European and North American attempts to control the landscape of the contemporary metropolis by the application of urban policy and planning.
Prerequisite: GGR124Y
Recommended preparation: GGR239H/EUR200Y
This is a Social Science course


GGR364H1
Historical Geography of Ethnic Groups in Canada 26S

The creation and survival of ethnic communities in Canada with particular emphasis on rural settlements. Aspects of ethnic territoriality, the stability of ethnic communities, and the adaptation of immigrants to the Canadian environment. Models of ethnic assimilation within the different regions of Canada.
Recommended preparation: GGR240Y/HIS262Y/263Y
This is a Humanities course


GGR366H1
Historical Toronto 26L

Toronto’s development compared to other large North American cities. Culture, social life, economy, politics, and planning process.
Recommended preparation: GGR336H
This is a Humanities course


GGR371H1
Multivariate Statistical Methods in Geography 26L

Applied multivariate analysis: multiple regression, log-linear models, spatial statistics, and selected additional topics including: time series, factor and cluster analysis.
Prerequisite: GGR270Y
Recommended preparation: GGR272H
This is a Science course


GGR373H1
Geographic Information Processing 26P

An introduction to the processing of spatially referenced information by means of computer workstation hardware and geographic information system software.
Co-and/or prerequisite:


GGR390H1
Field Methods 26L

Introduction to field methods in vegetation mapping/analysis, soils, hydrology and geomorphology. The course includes exercises and a project during a one-week field camp early in September, a little preparation during the preceding summer, and complementary practical work and/or seminars during the Fall Term. Each student is required to pay the costs of their transportation and accommodation. Students must register with the Department by April 2000.
Prerequisite: GGR100Y/JGF150Y/JGG150Y
This is a Science course


GGR391H1
Research Design 26S

A seminar course in which each student prepares a research proposal incorporating relevant theory, published research, existing sources of data, and methods of enquiry and analysis. A proposal prepared in this course may be used to plan research for GGR 491Y.
Prerequisite: Three 200/300-series GGR courses including GGR270Y, and at 0.5 at the 300-level
This is a Social Science course


GGR392H1
Research Methods in Historical Geography 26L

The design and execution of a small research project using the methods of historical geography. Components include: project design, literature review, data-gathering from primary sources such as Canadian census manuscripts, data analysis and the presentation of a short research paper. (Offered in alternate years)
Prerequisite: GGR101Y/107Y/110Y/240Y/HIS262Y/263Y
This is a Social Science course


GGR393H1
Environmental Impact Assessment 26L, 6P

Environmental impact assessment as a mechanism for avoiding or mediating the costs of development. Emphasis on the historical and institutional development of EIA in Canada, and EIA in the context of environmental regulation under advanced capitalisma. Includes case studies of EIA statements and processes at various levels of government.
Prerequisite: GGR101Y/107Y/233Y
This is a Social Science course


GGR398H0/399Y0
Independent Experiential Study Project

An instructor-supervised group project in an off-campus setting. See page 42 for details.


GGR400H1
Special Topics in Geography 13S

Content in any given year depends on instructor. Consult Departmental Office in April.
Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor must be obtained


GGR401H1
Fluvial Geomorphology 39L

Elements of drainage basin morphology and hydrology, classification of rivers, stream patterns, and hydraulic geometry. Elements of open channel flow and sediment transport. River channel adjustments to hydrologic change and human impacts on river development. Paleohydrology and paleohydraulics. Exercises include experimentation in a laboratory flume.
Prerequisite: GGR201H, 270Y
This is a Science course


GGR402H1
Climate Modelling 26L

Introduction to climate and carbon cycle modelling at the global scale with emphasis on 0 and 1 dimensional models and box models. Applications to understanding the present climate, explaining past climates, and predicting man-induced climatic changes.
Prerequisite: GGR312H, MAT135Y/137Y
This is a Science course


GGR409H1
Contaminants in the Environment 26L, 13T

The environmental behaviour and ecotoxicology of inorganic and organic chemical contaminants is discussed in order to understand the scientific basis of pollution concerns. Theory is illustrated with qualitative and quantitative examples and case studies. Facility is gained with simple mathematical models. Application of scientific theory and observations to policy development and the interface between science and policy is discussed throughout.
Prerequisite: CHM137Y/151Y/GGR205H
This is a Science course


GGR413H1
Watershed Hydroecology 26L

Modern developments in geomorphology, including form and process models, interactions of hydrology, ecology and geomorphology; the course emphasizes use of computer simulation models of drainage basin processes.
Prerequisite: GGR201H, 206H, 270Y
This is a Science course


GGR415H1
Resource and Environmental Planning 26L

The policy and institutional aspects of resource and environmental planning in Canada. Overview of the evolution of resource and environmental management and the examination of selected planning techniques; community involvement in planning; the ecosystem approach to planning; emphasis on environmental planning in the urban context.
Prerequisite: GGR233Y
This is a Social Science course


GGR418H1
Resource and Industry 26S

Resource industries and their ecological impacts, with special attention to agriculture, forestry and fisheries. Topics include: resource depletion, substitution and technological change; staple theory and resource-based development; commodity markets, international trade, and pollution havens.
Prerequisite: GGR233Y
This is a Social Science course


GGR421H1
History of Geographical Thought 26L

Review of persistent questions before and after Darwin. The emergence of an academic discipline. (Offered in alternate years)
Prerequisite: Two courses in Geography
This is a Humanities course


GGR431H1
Regional Dynamics 26L

Theory and analysis of regional economic change with emphasis on North America and Western Europe. Export-base, neoclassical, increasing returns, and political-economic explanations of regional growth and decline, changing terms of competition, and consequences for regional development. Geography of investment decisions, technological change, labour-markets and labour relations. Objectives and approaches for local and regional development policy.
Prerequisite: GGR220Y, 270Y
This is a Social Science course


GGR435H1
Technology, Toronto, and Global Warming 26L

Toronto as a case study of methods to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, their costs and benefits, and of the practical problems involved. Seminar format with public presentations by students. (Offered in alternate years)
Co- or prerequisite: GGR314H
This is a Social Science course


GGR436H1
Geography of Tourism 26L

Travel patterns, economic, political, social and environmental impacts of tourism, tourism demand, supply capability assessment and environmental quality.
Prerequisite: GGR256H
Recommended preparation: GGR220Y/252H
This is a Social Science course


GGR446H1
Approaches to Historical Geography 26L

Origins and development. Contributions of major practitioners in Canada, USA, UK and France. Landscape appreciation, political and applied uses of historical geography, other current trends. (Offered in alternate years)
Prerequisite: A course in Historical Geography
This is a Humanities course


GGR450H1
Medical Geography 26L

The geography of health and disease. Environmental and behavioural factors in the causes and distributions of diseases. Mapping and modelling disease diffusion. Spatial distribution of health care resources and their utilization.
Prerequisite: GGR100Y/101Y/107Y/110Y/124Y/JGF150Y/JGG150Y, GGR270Y
Recommended preparation: OAC Biology or equivalent/BIO150Y
This is a Social Science course


GGR452H1
Space, Power, Geography: Understanding Spatiality 26S

The changing nature of space and our thinking about it, centering on works of contemporary geographers and spatial theorists such as Lefebvre, Soja, Gregory, Harvey, Massey and challenges to this thinking. Explores changing concepts of spatiality that inform geographic thought and help us understand the ways political, economic and social power is constituted and contested.
Prerequisite: GGR361H
Recommended preparation: GGR339H
This is a Social Science course


GGR455H1
Women and the City 26S

Research seminar exploring the reciprocal relations between gender relations and spatial structures. Feminist geography literature from North America and Britain is employed to illustrate the ways in which ‘gender’ plays an important role in the layout of cities and in the activities of the people that reside in those cities.
Prerequisite: GGR124Y
Recommended preparation: The course should not be attempted without completion of two years of full-time study or the equivalent number of credits part-time.
This is a Social Science course


GGR456H1
Environmental Justice 26S

The poor, visible minorities, native people, and women suffer disproportionately from environmental destruction. The course examines the evidence for environmental injustice from a spatial perspective of race, class, and gender; reviews justice arguments in environmental advocacy discourses, and considers policy for prevention, mediation, and retribution.
Prerequisite: Three environmental courses
This is a Social Science course


GGR459H1
Urban Form, Structure and Growth 26L

Alternative perspectives on urban form and growth: the processes, logics and tensions underlying metropolitan development; production and consumption spheres; changes in the demographic and social fabric of cities; economic restructuring and shifts in labour markets; land development and suburbanization; inner city revitalization and decline; conflicts over public goods and services; policy issues and equity questions; quality of life and future urban forms.
Prerequisite: GGR124Y, 270Y (or equivalents)
This is a Social Science course


GGR462H1
Geographic Information Systems 26L

The nature, design and organizational context of information systems used for spatially referenced socio-economic, environmental, and planning data bases. Input, analysis, and output of vector-based geographic information. Examples of geographic information systems.
Prerequisite: GGR272H, 373H, and two other GGR courses
This is a Science course


GGR464H1
GIS Project Management Applications 26L

Examines the use of GIS and remote sensing technologies in resource management, environmental planning and municipal land use planning. Strategies for the application of specialized software and hardware. Formulation of project objectives. Review of applied case studies and location theory
Prerequisite: GGR272H
This is a Social Science course


GGR473H1
Cartographic Design by Computer 13L, 26P

The design and production of maps using GIS cartographic and geophics software packages. Map perception and map use, principles and elements of cartographic design, data acquisition and manipulation, production and reproduction of maps and atlases. Practical exercises culminate in a major project in thematic map design.
Prerequisite: GGR272H, 273H
This is a Social Science course


GGR480Y1
Advanced Field Research - Human Geography 26L

Context in any given year depends on instructor and location. Offered in summer session. Consult departmental office in April.
Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor
This is a Social Science course


GGR490H1
Advanced Field Research - Physical Geography 26L

A two week course emphasizing the use of advanced field methods for analyzing the pattern of variations in vegetation, soils, surface hydrology and geomorphology. Course is offered in August at one of several field stations located in Alberta, British Columbia and Newfoundland. Students are responsible for the cost of board, lodging and transport to and from the field. Students must register with the instructors in March. (Offered in alternate years)
Prerequisite: Two Physical/Environmental courses or permission of instructors
Recommended preparation: GGR390H
This is a Science course


GGR491Y1
Research Project

Open to students who have completed 15 courses and who are enroled in a Specialist or Major Program sponsored by the Department of Geography. Students should enrol by the end of May and are invited to consult with an appropriate supervisor and with the course coordinator.
Prerequisite: GGR391H/392H, 15 course credits


GGR492H1
Senior Practicum

Students design and implement an independent applied geography/planning project in consultation with an NGO or government organization, who will act as their “client.” Enrolment requires written permission from a staff supervisor. Only open to students who are enroled in a Specialist or Major program sponsored by the Department of Geography.
Prerequisite: GGR391H/392H, 15 course credits


GGR498H1
Independent Research I

An independent research extension to one of the courses already completed in Physical Geography. Enrolment requires written permission from a staff supervisor. Only open to students who have completed 15 course credits and who are enrolled in a Specialist or Major program sponsored by the Department of Geography.
Exclusion: GGR491Y
This is a Science course


GGR499H1
Independent Research II

An independent research extension to one of the courses already completed in a social science or humanities branch of Geography. Enrolment requires written permission from a staff supervisor. Only open to students who have completed 15 course credits and who are enrolled in a Specialist or Major program sponsored by the Department of Geography.
Exclusion: GGR491Y
This is a Social Science or Humanities course


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