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Students are advised to consult courses listed by these Departments.

Biology is the scientific study of life. At no time in history has biology been more visible and important to human life and the future of our planet. The study of biology has vast applications in understanding one’s own body, in grappling with the ethical questions that face humanity, and in understanding the interdependent web of living organisms on the planet. Today the biological sciences are experiencing a revolution. Important discoveries occur almost weekly as scientists and their students around the world develop and use new techniques, theories, and approaches.

The University of Toronto has many faculty conducting research and teaching courses in the biological sciences. Within the Faculty of Arts and Science, St. George campus, there is no single biology department. Biology courses once taught by the departments of Botany and Zoology are now taught by members of the departments of Cell & Systems Biology and Ecology & Evolutionary Biology. Each of these departments offers its own programs and courses, but also jointly offers the Biology, Botany, and Zoology programs. Courses are available in the subject areas of behaviour, evolution, ecology, cell and molecular biology, genetics, physiology, and developmental biology. In addition, there are courses offering a field experience for students. Students should consult the Cell & Systems Biology and Ecology & Evolutionary Biology entries in this Calendar.

Because many areas of biology draw on mathematics and the physical sciences, background preparation in mathematics and chemistry (and sometimes physics) is recommended for students pursuing programs in biology.

Students entering their first year in the life sciences take BIO150Y1BIO150Y1. BIO150Y1BIO150Y1 is taken by students who have successfully completed grade 12 Biology (or an equivalent course) and is a prerequisite for almost all further courses in the life sciences.

Note that courses prior to 2007-08 that were listed in Calendars under Botany and Zoology are now listed under Cell & Systems Biology or Ecology & Evolutionary Biology. All students, regardless of campus or Faculty, must abide by the stated course prerequisites and exclusions.

The Biology Specialist, Major, and Minor programs are administered through the Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology. After completing 4.0 FCEs (four full courses or their equivalent), students in these programs are encouraged to discuss their course selections each year with the Department. Contact: undergrad@eeb.utoronto.ca

Enrolment in the programs listed below requires completion of 4.0 FCEs; no minimum GPA is required.

(13 full courses or their equivalent, including at least 1.0 400-series FCE)

First Year: BIO150Y1BIO150Y1; CHM (138H1, 139H1)/151Y1; JMB170Y1/MAT135Y1/136Y1/137Y1/157Y1

1. 2.0 FCEs from: chemistry, CHM 220H1, 247H1/249H1; physics, PHY 131H1, 132H1, 151H1, 152H1; or statistics, EEB 225H1, PSY 201H1, 202H1, STA 220H1, 221H1, 250H1, 255H1, 257H1, 261H1

2. 3.5 FCEs: BIO (240H1, 241H1)/255Y1; BIO 251Y1; BIO (270H1, 271H1); BIO260H1/HMB265H1

3. 0.5 FCE at the 200+ series from: BCH; BIO; BOT (excluding BOT202Y1); CSB (excluding CSB200Y1); EEB (excluding EEB 202H1, 214H1, 215H1, 216H1); ENV234Y1; HMB321H1; HPS 353H1, 355H1; MGY312H1; PSY397H1, PSY497H1; ZOO (excluding ZOO 200Y1, 214Y1, 215H1, 216H1)

4. 1.0 300+ series FCE in plant or microbial biology from: BOT; CSB 340H1, 350H1, 351Y1, 353H1, 427H1, 450H1, 452H1, 459H1, 460H1; EEB 304H1, 328H1, 330H1, 331H1, 337H1, 340H1, 341H1, 428H1, 440H1

5. 1.0 300+ series FCE in animal biology from: CSB 325H1, 327H1, 328H1, 329H1, 330H1, 331H1, 332H1, 343H1, 344H1, 346H1, 347H1, 357H1, 425H1, 428H1, 429H1, 430H1, 445H1, 457H1, 482Y1; EEB 309H1, 322H1, 356H1, 360H1, 361H1, 384H1, 386H1, 388H1, 389H1; ZOO

6. 1.0 300+ series FCE from: ANA; ANT436H1; BCH; BIO; BOT; CSB; EEB; HMB321H1; HPS 353H1, 355H1; IMM; MGY; PSL; PSY397H1, PSY497H1; ZOO

7. 1.0 400-series FCE from: BIO; BOT; CSB; EEB; ZOO

First Year: BIO150Y1BIO150Y1; CHM (138H1, 139H1)/151Y1

1. 3.0 FCEs: BIO (240H1, 241H1)/255Y1; BIO 251Y1; BIO (270H1, 271H1)

2. 1.0 FCE from: BCH; BIO, including BIO260H1/HMB265H1; BOT (excluding BOT202Y1); CSB (excluding CSB200Y1); EEB (excluding EEB 202H1, 214H1, 215H1, 216H1); ENV 234Y1; HMB 321H1; HPS 353H1, 355H1; MGY312H1; PSY397H1, PSY497H1; ZOO (excluding ZOO 200Y1, 214Y1, 215H1, 216H1)

3. 2.0 300+ series FCEs from: ANA; BCH; BIO; BOT; CSB; EEB; HMB321H1; HPS 353H1, 355H1; IMM; MGY; PSL; PSY 397H1, PSY 497H1; ZOO

1. BIO150Y1BIO150Y1

2. 1.0 FCE from: BIO 240H1, 241H1, 251Y1, 255Y1, 270H1, 271H1

3. 2.0 FCEs (1.0 FCE must be at the 300+ series) from: BIO; BOT (excluding BOT202Y1); CSB (excluding CSB200Y1); EEB (excluding EEB 202H1, 214H1, 215H1, 216H1); ENV 234Y1; HMB 265H1, 321H1; HPS 353H1, 355H1; MGY 312H1; PSY 397H1; PSY 497H1; ZOO (excluding ZOO 200Y1, 214Y1, 215H1, 216H1)

The Botany Specialist, Major, and Minor programs are administered through the Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology. After completing 4.0 FCEs (four full courses or their equivalent), students in these programs are encouraged to discuss their course selections each year with the Department. Contact: undergrad@eeb.utoronto.ca

Enrolment in programs listed below requires completion of 4.0 FCEs; no minimum GPA is required.

(12 full courses or their equivalent, including at least 1.0 400-series FCE)

First Year: BIO150Y1BIO150Y1; CHM (138H1, 139H1)/151Y1

1. 2.0 FCEs from: BCH210H1; CHM 220H1, 247H1/249H1; CSC 108H1, 148H1; JMB 170Y1/MAT 135Y1/136Y1/137Y1; PHY 131H1, 132H1, 151H1, 152H1; or statistics, EEB 225H1, STA 220H1, 221H, 250H1, 255H1, 257H1, 261H1

2. 2.5 FCEs: BIO (240H1, 241H1)/255Y1; BIO 251Y1; BIO 260H1/HMB 265H1

3. 1.0 FCE from: ENV 234Y1 or EEB 319H1, 321H1, 323H1, 324H1, 330H1, 337H1

4. 2.0 FCEs from: BCH210H1; BOT (excluding BOT202Y1); CSB 340H1, 350H1, 351Y1, 353H1, 450H1, 452H1, 459H1, 460H1; EEB 304H1, 330H1, 331H1, 337H1, 340H1, 341H1, 428H1, 440H1

5. 2.5 300+ series FCEs (at least 1.0 must be 400-series) from: BOT; CSB 340H1, 349H1, 350H1, 351Y1, 353H1, 427H1, 450H1, 452H1, 459H1, 460H1, 472H1, 473H1, 497H1/498Y1, 499Y1; EEB 301H1, 302H1, 303H1, 304H1, 305H1, 306H1, 307H1, 308H1, 310H1, 311H1, 318H1, 319H1, 321H1, 323H1, 324H1, 328H1, 330H1, 331H1, 337H1, 340H1, 341H1, 353H1, 355H1, 428H1, 440H1, 494Y1, 495Y1, 497H1/498Y1, 499Y1; HPS 353H1, 355H1

First Year: BIO150Y1BIO150Y1; CHM (138H1, 139H1)/151Y1; and one course from CSC (108H1, 148H1), JMB170Y1/MAT135Y1/136Y1/137Y1, PHY 131H1, 132H1, 151H1, 152H1

1. 2.0 FCEs: BIO (240H1, 241H1)/255Y1; BIO251Y1

2. 1.0 FCE from: BCH210H1; BIO260H1/HMB265H1; BOT (excluding BOT202Y1); CSB 340H1, 350H1, 351Y1, 353H1, 372H1, 373H1, 427H1, 450H1, 452H1, 459H1, 460H1; EEB 304H1, 330H1, 331H1, 337H1, 340H1, 341H1, 428H1, 440H1; ENV234Y1

3. 2.0 300+ series FCEs from: BOT; CSB 340H1, 349H1, 350H1, 351Y1, 353H1, 427H1, 450H1, 452H1, 459H1, 460H1, 472H1, 473H1, 497H1/498Y1, 499Y1; EEB 301H1, 302H1, 303H1, 304H1, 305H1, 306H1, 307H1, 308H1, 310H1, 311H1, 318H1, 319H1, 321H1, 323H1, 324H1, 328H1, 330H1, 331H1, 337H1, 340H1, 341H1, 353H1, 355H1, 428H1, 440H1; HPS 353H1, 355H1, 497H1/498Y1, 499Y1

1. BIO150Y1BIO150Y1; BIO 251Y1

2. 1.0 FCE from: BIO 240H1/241H1/255Y1; BIO 260H1/HMB 265H1; BOT (excluding BOT 202Y1); CSB 340H1, 349H1, 350H1, 351Y1, 353H1, 427H1, 450H1, 452H1, 459H1, 460H1, 472H1, 473H1; EEB 301H1, 302H1, 303H1, 304H1, 305H1, 306H1, 307H1, 308H1, 310H1, 311H1, 318H1, 319H1, 321H1, 323H1, 324H1, 328H1, 330H1, 331H1, 337H1, 340H1, 341H1, 353H1, 355H1, 428H1, 440H1; ENV 234Y1; HPS 353H1, 355H1

3. 1.0 300+ series FCEs from: BOT (excluding BOT202Y1); CSB 340H1, 350H1, 351Y1, 353H1, 427H1, 450H1, 452H1, 459H1, 460H1, 497H1/498Y1, 499Y1; EEB 304H1, 330H1, 331H1, 337H1, 340H1, 341H1, 428H1, 440H1, 497H1/498Y1, 499Y1

The Zoology Specialist, Major, and Minor programs are administered through the Department of Cell & Systems Biology. After completing 4.0 FCEs (four full courses or their equivalent), students in these programs are encouraged to discuss their course selections each year with the Department. Contact: undergrad@csb.utoronto.ca

Enrolment in programs listed below requires completion of 4.0 FCEs; no minimum GPA is required.

(13 full courses or their equivalent, including at least 1.0 400-series FCE)

First Year: BIO150Y1BIO150Y1; CHM (138H1, 139H1)/151Y1; JMB170Y1/MAT135Y1/136Y1/137Y1/157Y1 (MAT135Y1 may be required for certain courses)

1. 2.5 FCEs from: BIO (240H1, 241H1)/255Y1; BIO (270H1, 271H1); BIO 260H1/HMB 265H1

2. 1.0 FCE from: CHM 220H1, 247H1/249H1; or statistics, EEB 225H1, PSY 201H1, 202H1, STA 220H1, 221H1, 250H1, 255H1, 257H1, 261H1

3. 1.0 FCE from: CHM 220H1, 247H1/249H1; MAT 235Y1/237Y1; PHY131H1, 132H1, 151H1, 152H1; PSY 100H1; or statistics, EEB 225H1, PSY 201H1, 202H1, STA 220H1, 221H1, 250H1, 255H1, 257H1, 261H1

4. 1.0 300+ series FCE from: BIO; CSB 325H1, 327H1, 328H1, 329H1, 330H1, 331H1, 332H1, 343H1, 344H1, 346H1, 347H1, 357H1, 425H1, 429H1, 430H1, 445H1, 457H1, 482Y1; EEB 309H1, 322H1, 356H1, 360H1, 361H1, 384H1, 386H1, 388H1, 389H1; ZOO

5. 4.5 FCEs (at least 2.0 must be 300+ series and 1.0 400-series) from: ANT436H1; BIO; CSB 325H1, 327H1, 328H1, 329H1, 330H1, 331H1, 332H1, 343H1, 344H1, 346H1, 347H1, 349H1, 351Y1, 357H1, 425H1, 429H1, 430H1, 445H1, 457H1, 472H1, 473H1, 482Y1, 497H1/498Y1, 499Y1; EEB 263Y1, 265Y1, 301H1, 302H1, 303H1, 305H1, 306H1, 307H1, 308H1, 309H1, 310H1, 311H1, 318H1, 319H1, 321H1, 322H1, 323H1, 324H1, 328H1, 353H1, 355H1, 356H1, 360H1, 361H1, 362H1, 365H1, 370H1, 375H1, 384H1, 386H1, 388H1, 389H1, 459H1, 460H1, 461H1, 462H1, 465H1, 468H1, 469H1, 471H1, 494Y1, 495Y1, 496Y1, 497H1/498Y1, 499Y1; ENV 234Y1; HMB321H1; HPS 353H1, 355H1; MGY312H1; PSY 397H1, PSY 497H1; ZOO (excluding ZOO 200Y1, 214Y1, 215H1, 216H1)

NOTE: The 5.5 FCEs in 4. and 5. above must include at least 78 hours of lab; one field course counts as 52 hours.

First Year: BIO150Y1BIO150Y1; CHM (138H1, 139H1)/151Y1

1. 2.0 FCEs: BIO (240H1, 241H1)/255Y1; BIO (270H1, 271H1)

2. 1.0 FCE from: CHM 220H1, 247H1/249H1; JMB 170Y1/MAT 135Y1/136Y1/137Y1/157Y1; or statistics, EEB 225H1, PSY 201H1, 202H1, STA 220H1, 221H1, 250H1, 255H1, 257H1, 261H1

3. 2.0 FCEs (at least 1.0 must be 300+ series) from: ANT 436H1; BIO; BIO 260H1/HMB 265H1; CSB 325H1, 327H1, 328H1, 329H1, 330H1, 331H1, 332H1, 343H1, 344H1, 346H1, 347H1, 349H1, 351Y1, 357H1, 425H1, 429H1, 430H1, 445H1, 457H1, 472H1, 473H1, 482Y1; EEB 263Y1, 265Y1, 301H1, 302H1, 303H1, 305H1, 306H1, 307H1, 308H1, 309H1, 310H1, 311H1, 318H1, 319H1, 321H1, 322H1, 323H1, 324H1, 328H1, 353H1, 355H1, 356H1, 360H1, 361H1, 362H1, 365H1, 370H1, 375H1, 384H1, 386H1, 388H1, 389H1, 459H1, 460H1, 461H1, 462H1, 465H1, 468H1, 469H1, 471H1; ENV 234Y1; HMB 321H1; HPS 353H1, 355H1; MGY 312H1; PSY 397H1, PSY 497H1; ZOO (excluding ZOO 200Y1, 214Y1, 215H1, 216H1)

4. 1.0 300+ series FCE from: BIO; CSB 325H1, 327H1, 328H1, 329H1, 330H1, 331H1, 332H1, 343H1, 344H1, 346H1, 347H1, 357H1, 425H1, 429H1, 430H1, 445H1, 457H1, 482Y1, 497H1/498Y1, 499Y1; EEB 309H1, 322H1, 356H1, 360H1, 361H1, 384H1, 386H1, 388H1, 389H1, 497H1/498Y1, 499Y1; ZOO

1. BIO150Y

2. 1.0 FCE from: BIO 240H1, 241H1, 255Y1, 270H1, 271H1

3. 1.0 FCE from: BIO; BIO 260H1/HMB 265H1; CSB 325H1, 327H1, 328H1, 329H1, 330H1, 331H1, 332H1, 343H1, 344H1, 346H1, 347H1, 349H1, 351Y1, 357H1, 425H1, 429H1, 430H1, 445H1, 457H1, 472H1, 473H1, 482Y1; EEB 263Y1, 265Y1, 301H1, 302H1, 303H1, 305H1, 306H1, 307H1, 308H1, 309H1, 310H1, 311H1, 318H1, 319H1, 321H1, 322H1, 323H1, 324H1, 328H1, 353H1, 355H1, 356H1, 360H1, 361H1, 362H1, 365H1, 370H1, 375H1, 384H1, 386H1, 388H1, 389H1, 459H1, 460H1, 461H1, 462H1, 465H1, 468H1, 469H1, 471H1; ENV 234Y1; HMB 321H1, HPS 353H1, 355H1; MGY 312H1; ZOO (excluding ZOO 200Y1, 214Y1, 215H1, 216H1)

4. 1.0 300+ series FCE from: BIO; CSB 325H1, 327H1, 328H1, 329H1, 330H1, 331H1, 332H1, 343H1, 344H1, 346H1, 347H1, 349H1, 357H1, 425H1, 429H1, 430H1, 445H1, 457H1, 482Y1, 497H1/498Y1, 499Y1; EEB 309H1, 322H1, 356H1, 360H1, 361H1, 384H1, 386H1, 388H1, 389H1, 497H1/498Y1, 499Y1; ZOO

Biology, Human: see Life Sciences: Human Biology

See page 32 for Key to Course Descriptions.

For Distribution Requirement purposes (see page 26), all BIO courses are classified as SCIENCE courses.

Biology courses are offered by the Departments of Cell & Systems Biology and Ecology & Evolutionary Biology. The courses below have BIO designators. Other biology courses have either CSB or EEB designators.